潜流型人工湿地污水处理系统的研究

研究中等负荷有较高去除率的潜流型人工湿地污水处理系统的环境状况,湿地中水体有出水溶解氧值均为０,氧化还原电位－２００－３００ｍＶ之间,ＰＨ值偏酸,出水ＰＨ值稍低于进水,系统中Ｎ化合物主要为ＮＨ３－Ｎ,是ＮＯ３－Ｎ的４－１０倍,ＮＯ３Ｎ的１００－２００倍,说明易于进行氨化作用,而硝化作用在较低水上进行     

Rapid degradation of bensulfuron-methyl upon repeated application in paddy soils

Rapid degradation of bensulfuron-methyl upon repeated application in paddy soils was studied. The results showed that the DT50 of bensulfuron-methyl was reduced from 16 d to 9 d in soil with one-year bensulfuron-methyl application. Rapid bensulfuron-methyl degradation was happened to previously untreated soil by addition 5% rapid bensulfuron-methyl adapted soil and was inhibited following pre-treatrnent with broad-spectrum antibiotic chloramphenicol. In bensulfuron-methyl adapted soil mineralisation of ^14C labeled bensulfuronmethyl to ^14CO2 occurred at a faster rate than with previously untreated soil. It was concluded that rapid bensulfuron-methyl degradation upon repeated application is probably linked to the adaptation of soil bacteria which can utilize bensulfuron-methyl as a source of carbon and energy.     

南四湖新薛河湖滨带湿地修复效果评价

通过对南水北调东线南四湖新薛河入湖口湖滨带人工湿地修复区的植物群落组成和物种多样性进行调查,采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数对该地区的植物物种多样性进行分析,以评价退耕还湿措施对湖滨带退化湿地的生态修复效果.结果表明,经过2年的生态修复工作,湖滨带退化湿地中的植物物种数量由修复前的16科25种提高到修复后的24科47种.修复后的湖滨带湿地生态系统具有较高的生物多样性,其物种多样性明显高于未修复地区,其中,修复后的湿地高位台田区Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、均匀度指数分别为1.619、0.745和0.860,远高于未修复高位台田区的0.060、0.012和0.065.通过退耕还湿措施修复的湖滨带人工湿地系统对于恢复南四湖湿地的物种多样性、实现湖滨带湿地生态系统的自然可持续性具有重要的意义.     

A mini-microbial fuel cell for voltage testing of exoelectrogenic bacteria

Current methods for testing the electricity generation capacity of isolates are time- and labor-consuming. This paper presents a rapid voltage testing system of exoelectrogenic bacteria called Quickscreen, which is based on a microliter microbial fuel cell (MFC). Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella baltica were used as the model exoelectrogenic bacteria; Escherichia coli that cannot generate electricity was used as a negative control. It was found that the electricity generation capacity of the isolates could be determined within about five hours by using Quickscreen, and that its time was relatively rapid compared with the time needed by using larger MFCs. A parallel, stable, and low background voltage was achieved using titanium as a current collector in the blank run. The external resistance had little impact on the blank run during the initial period. The cathode with a five-hole configuration, used to hydrate the carbon cathode, gave higher cathode potential than that with a one-hole configuration. Steady discharge and current interrupt methods showed that the anode mostly contributed to the large internal resistance of the Quickscreen system. However, the addition of graphite felt decreased the resistance from 18 to 5 kΩ. This device was proved to be useful to rapidly evaluate the electricity generation capacity of different bacteria.     

曝气对水平潜流人工湿地水力特性的影响

通过构建曝气及未曝气潜流人工湿地小试实验系统,以NaCl为示踪剂开展示踪实验,研究曝气对人工湿地水力特性的影响。实验结果表明,两对比系统均存在不同程度的短流及死区现象,短流主要发生在床体表层,而死区则存在于床体底层。其中未曝气人工湿地系统的流场分布不均匀现象较为严重,示踪剂滞留在床体底层难以回收,系统水力效率较低(0.56)。比较而言,由于气流对水体的扰动作用,曝气对人工湿地系统水力效率有明显改善作用,减缓了床体表层水流速度,提高了示踪剂回收率,缩小了死区的范围,曝气人工湿地系统的水力效率为0.75。     

潜流-表面流复合人工湿地的河道水质净化效果

针对太湖流域的小河道水环境污染普遍较重的现状,结合潜流和表面流人工湿地系统技术的优点,设计并制作了阶梯式的复合人工湿地系统,前端采用潜流,后端采用表面流,试验区种植密度为25株/m2的茭草,研究其组合工艺对河道水质的净化效果,以期为河道人工湿地的设置提供技术参数。结果表明,复合人工湿地系统具有较强的污染物去除能力,HRT为3.4d时,7—12月对TN、TP、NH+4-N和高锰酸盐指数的平均去除率分别达到了64.3%、63.9%、74.6%、51.1%,较同期相同HRT下潜流人工湿地去除率分别提高了12.1、10.6、1.8、5.1百分点。其中,前端0.25距离分数的去除率占各自总去除率的74.5%～91.2%。     

曝气对潜流人工湿地污染物沿程降解规律的影响

通过构建曝气及未曝气潜流人工湿地小试实验系统,研究曝气对人工湿地床体中污染物沿程变化规律的影响。实验结果表明,曝气对污染物沿程降解规律的影响与污染物种类有关,在净化COD和氨氮时,曝气人工湿地污染物主要以水平推流式降解为主,未曝气系统床体中则出现分层现象,深度为40 cm以上的床体区域中污染物以水平推流式降解为主,40 cm以下区域则以垂直梯度降解方式为主。对于磷来说,两对比系统均以水平推流降解方式为主,但不同深度上的降解速率有所差异,曝气系统30~50 cm的床体中间层降解速率较快,而未曝气系统50 cm以下的床体底层降解速率较快。将对比系统总体净化效果进一步比较发现,对于COD的去除来说,温度的影响大些,而对于氨氮和TP的去除来说,曝气的影响则更为显著。     

Rapid and Sensitive LC/MS/MS Direct Injection Method for the Determination of Trace Level Corexit EC9500A Oil Dispersant in Seawater

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the determination of trace dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DOSS) concentrations in seawater samples has been established. The method is well suited to aquatic environment impact monitoring following application of the dispersant Corexit EC9500A. Linearity of the method was demonstrated down to 0.05 ng/mL^?1 (0.05 µgL^?1) DOSS in seawater, with a 2.4% relative standard deviation precision for preparation replicates. A US EPA method limit of detection of <0.02 ng/mL^?1 (<0.02 µgL^?1) was calculated and specificity was confirmed by monitoring of two qualifier ions at 291.1 m/z and 227.1 m/z. These transitions were confirmed by QToF analysis to be associated with the DOSS precursor ion at 421.2 m/z. For application to seawater samples and samples containing oil particulates, a practical and repeatable calibration range of 0.5 ng/mL^?1 (0.5 µgL^?1) to 25.0 ng/mL^?1 (25.0 µgL^?1) DOSS is reported. The method was shown to have excellent precision and accuracy, with a consistent ≤1.6% relative standard deviation for system suitability standards at 0.5 ng/mL^?1 (0.5 µgL^?1) and linear weighted (1/x) regression coefficients of determination ≥0.995. The surfactant nature of the analyte is discussed in relation to detection limit and loss of analyte. Speculation of a relationship between DOSS in association or aggregation with divalent cations, such as Ca²⁺ present in salt water and hard water, is suggested. The consequent effects on cell ionic balance and membrane function are discussed.     

人工湿地分散式污水处理系统的设计和运行

采用由预处理单元、水平潜流人工湿地单元、消毒单元和污泥干化单元组成的分散式污水处理系统对采油区生活点污水进行了处理和资源化利用。核心工艺单元水平潜流人工湿地单元的优化设计参数为:人工湿地宽20 m、长80 m,采用多段串联布置形式。分散式污水处理系统实际处理水量为92~136 m3/d,在5年的实际运行过程中,COD,BOD5,NH3-N,SS的平均去除率分别为75.9%,77.3%,96.0%,96.1%。处理后出水经消毒后的水质优于GB/T18920—2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》标准中绿化用水的水质,可作为绿化灌溉用水回用;干化后的栅渣和污泥可作为绿化肥料使用,能实现污水的资源化利用和处理系统的零排放。     

基于去污效果和气候适应性的湿地植物筛选研究

通过模拟垂直潜流人工湿地系统,在对菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、芦竹(Arundo donax)、茭白(Zizania latifolia)、旱伞草(Cyperus alternifolius)和再力花(Thalia dealbata)5种湿地植物的去污能力进行分析的基础上,利用最大熵(MAXENT)模型对它们在中国西南地区的适生区和分布的气候影响因子进行了综合分析。结果表明,5种湿地植物都有较高的去污能力,且不同植物的去污能力存在一定差异,对氮、磷去除效果较好的为旱伞草,茭白、再力花和菖蒲次之,芦竹较差;旱伞草在中国西南地区有着广泛的适生区,并可以越冬,是一种去污能力较好并可以全年使用的人工湿地植物。菖蒲、茭白、再力花也有较强的去污能力和气候适应能力,但是过冬效果相对较差,在西南地区大部分区域的春、夏、秋季适用于人工湿地栽种。芦竹虽然在西南地区适生区较广,但它在淹水环境中的去污能力相对较弱,可以适当地应用于人工湿地周边的湿生环境中。