论中国环境监测技术体系建设

论述了建设和完善环境监测技术体系的重要意义,分析了我国环境监测技术体系的发展现状及问题,提出了建设我国环境监测技术体系的构想。     

我国安全生产基层执法队伍建设问题与对策

通过收集分析相关统计数据和资料,深入分析我国安全生产基层执法队伍建设现状。统计分析结果表明:专门的基层执法机构仍不健全;与基层实际执法工作需要相比,执法人员相对不足;执法人员业务素质不高;执法队伍不稳定,人员变动频繁。最后从建立人员配备标准、合理调配人员、加快监察人员专业化建设进程、落实从优待安政策等4方面,提出了相应的对策。     

Quantitative risk assessment of the Italian gas distribution network

European Critical Infrastructures include physical resources, services, information technology facilities, networks and infrastructure assets, which, if disrupted or destroyed would have a serious impact on the health, safety, security, economic or social well-being of the Member States.The gas distribution network is a critical infrastructure and its failure can cause damage to structures and injury to people.The aim of this paper is to analyze and then assess the risk of the Italian high pressure natural gas distribution network.The paper describes an application of a methodology for quantitative risk assessment.Failure frequencies considered in risk calculation were found in the European Gas pipeline Incident data Group (EGIG) database, whereas consequences were computed as a function of pipe diameter and operating pressure for each section of the network. The results of this quantitative risk assessment is the determination of local and social risks for the Italian North East Area.     

Judging adaptive management practices of U.S. agencies

All U.S. federal agencies administering environmental laws purport to practice adaptive management (AM), but little is known about how they actually implement this conservation tool. A gap between the theory and practice of AM is revealed in judicial decisions reviewing agency adaptive management plans. We analyzed all U.S. federal court opinions published through 1 January 2015 to identify the agency AM practices courts found most deficient. The shortcomings included lack of clear objectives and processes, monitoring thresholds, and defined actions triggered by thresholds. This trio of agency shortcuts around critical, iterative steps characterizes what we call AM‐lite. Passive AM differs from active AM in its relative lack of management interventions through experimental strategies. In contrast, AM‐lite is a distinctive form of passive AM that fails to provide for the iterative steps necessary to learn from management. Courts have developed a sophisticated understanding of AM and often offer instructive rather than merely critical opinions. The role of the judiciary is limited by agency discretion under U.S. administrative law. But courts have overturned some agency AM‐lite practices and insisted on more rigorous analyses to ensure that the promised benefits of structured learning and fine‐tuned management have a reasonable likelihood of occurring. Nonetheless, there remains a mismatch in U.S. administrative law between the flexibility demanded by adaptive management and the legal objectives of transparency, public participation, and finality.     

Influence of Representation Targets on the Total Area of Conservation-Area Networks

Abstract:  Systematic conservation planning typically requires specification of quantitative representation targets for biodiversity surrogates such as species, vegetation types, and environmental parameters. Targets are usually specified either as the minimum total area in a conservation-area network in which a surrogate must be present or as the proportion of a surrogate's existing spatial distribution required to be in the network. Because the biological basis for setting targets is often unclear, a better understanding of how targets affect selection of conservation areas is needed. We studied how the total area of conservation-area networks depends on percentage targets ranging from 5% to 95%. We analyzed 12 data sets of different surrogate distributions from 5 regions: Korea, Mexico, Québec, Queensland, and West Virginia. To assess the effect of spatial resolution on the target-area relationship, we also analyzed each data set at 7 spatial resolutions ranging from 0.01°× 0.01° to 0.10°× 0.10°. Most of the data sets showed a linear relationship between representation targets and total area of conservation-area networks that was invariant across changes in spatial resolution. The slope of this relationship indicated how total area increased with target level, and our results suggest that greater surrogate representation requires significantly more area. One data set exhibited a highly nonlinear relationship. The results for this data set suggest a new method for setting targets on the basis of the functional form of target-area relationships. In particular, the method shows how the target-area relationship can provide a rationale for setting targets solely on the basis of distributional information about surrogates.     

城市园林公墓中林木的水土保持效益

城市园林公墓的生态建设是我国生态环境整治的重要环节,其核心是造林绿化和水土保持。松柏类乔木是目前我国公墓绿化主要树种,但对它们控制水土流失的生态功能却不十分清楚。本文探讨了园林公幕绿化树木绿蚀控制机制和潜能。研究发现,林木具有缓冲高强 度降雨对土壤的滴溅侵蚀和减少有效降雨的能力,使林下土壤溅蚀量减少了约２０％,土壤流失量降低了４３．２０％,同时,树通过其根系的牵引效应根据际土层的抗滑动能力提高了３     

WATERSHED COUNCILS: AN EMERGING FORM OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: There is increasing interest in using watershed councils to provide information to public natural resource managers, particularly in the western states. Watershed councils are composed of interested governmental and nongovernmental stakeholders that form to collaboratively manage water and other natural resources at the scale of a watershed. This research is the first step in a multi-step policy analysis designed to answer the question of whether watershed councils are an improvement over traditional methods of public involvement in natural resource management. This paper outlines why watershed councils form and discusses their structure and operation. There is considerable variability in terms of watershed councils' goals, their effectiveness, stakeholder composition, their involvement in the “real” decision-making process, types of participation that are allowed, leadership, financing, decision-making procedures, efficiency, and temporal scale. These structural components are presented as a framework that can be used by researchers to develop criteria to evaluate watershed councils.     

洪湖分蓄洪区启用的若干问题研究

１９９８年长江供水对沿江大堤及分蓄区都是一场验,同时也使人们对一些老问题的严重性和新问题的紧迫性和加深了认识。本文就洪湖分洪工程存在的问题,特大洪水条件下分洪区启用时的口门位置及其分洪区启用前后的有关重要问题进行了,提出了相应对策。文中涉及的问题对其它分蓄洪也有参考意义。     

我国纺织工业建设项目清洁生产评价要点探析

结合国际纺织工业“生态化”发展的态势以及我国纺织化工业发展特点,考虑建设项目环境评价对清洁生产的要求,提出了我国纺织工业建设项目清洁生产评价的要点。从厂址、产品、工艺、设备、资源利用、环境安全等角度构建纺织工业建设项目清洁生产评价指标体系。     

省级区域耕地保有量测算研究——以江苏省为例

预测了江苏省耕地供给变化趋势和耕地需求量。根据预测结果，对耕地供需平衡情况进行了判断，分析了不同的耕地集约利用水平、耕地种植结构对耕地供需平衡的影响耕地的供需状况。以此为依据，确定了区域粮食供应的优选策略。在此基础上，从区间估计的角度，探讨了耕地保有量的确定思路与方法，确定了江苏省规划期内不同时间阶段的耕地保有量区间，即到2010年耕地保有量应维持439．7-473．0万hm^2，2020年耕地保有量应维持420．8-458．4万hm^2。