Interacting Effects of Translocation,Artificial Propagation,and Environmental Conditions on the Marine Survival of Chinook Salmon from the Columbia River,Washington, U.S.A.

Abstract: Captive rearing and translocation are often used concurrently for species conservation, yet the effects of these practices can interact and lead to unintended outcomes that may undermine species’ recovery efforts. Controls in translocation or artificial‐propagation programs are uncommon; thus, there have been few studies on the interacting effects of these actions and environmental conditions on survival. The Columbia River basin, which drains 668,000 km² of the western United States and Canada, has an extensive network of hydroelectric and other dams, which impede and slow migration of anadromous Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and can increase mortality rates. To mitigate for hydrosystem‐induced mortality during juvenile downriver migration, tens of millions of hatchery fish are released each year and a subset of wild‐ and hatchery‐origin juveniles are translocated downstream beyond the hydropower system. We considered how the results of these practices interact with marine environmental conditions to affect the marine survival of Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha). We analyzed data from more than 1 million individually tagged fish from 1998 through 2006 to evaluate the probability of an individual fish returning as an adult relative to its rearing (hatchery vs. wild) and translocation histories (translocated vs. in‐river migrating fish that traveled downriver through the hydropower system) and a suite of environmental variables. Except during select periods of very low river flow, marine survival of wild translocated fish was approximately two‐thirds less than survival of wild in‐river migrating fish. For hatchery fish, however, survival was roughly two times higher for translocated fish than for in‐river migrants. Competition and predator aggregation negatively affected marine survival, and the magnitude of survival depended on rearing and translocation histories and biological and physical conditions encountered during their first few weeks of residence in the ocean. Our results highlight the importance of considering the interacting effects of translocation, artificial propagation, and environmental variables on the long‐term viability of species.     

基于N-K模型的海上交通安全风险因素耦合分析

为定量分析海上交通安全风险因素间的影响关系,识别导致海上交通事故的关键因素,分别从单因素、双因素和多因素的角度分析了人、船、环境、管理等风险因素间的耦合关系,运用N-K模型构建了海上交通安全风险耦合度量模型,结合中国海事局、德国联邦海事事故调查局、英国船舶事故调查局和美国国家运输安全委员会等海事调查机构公布的710起海上交通事故,利用所构建的模型计算出不同风险耦合的发生概率和风险值。结果表明:风险耦合因素越多,海上交通事故的发生概率越高;人的因素是引发海上交通事故的重要原因。     

Sustainable Cellular Biocomposites from Natural Fibers and Unsaturated Polyester Resin for Housing Panel Applications

Increased environmental awareness and interest in long-term sustainability of material resources has motivated considerable advancements in composite materials made from natural fibers and resins, or biocomposites. In spite of these developments the lower stiffness and strength of biocomposites has limited their applications to non-load-bearing components. This paper presents an overview of a study aimed at showing that the shortcomings of biocomposites can be overcome through hybrid material designs and efficient structural configurations to make them suitable for load bearing structural components. Hybrid blends of natural and synthetic fibers can significantly improve the characteristics of biocomposites with minimal cost and environmental impact, and hierarchical cellular designs can maximize material efficiency in structural components. Periodic and hierarchical cellular plate designs made from natural fibers and unsaturated polyester resin were evaluated experimentally and analytically. Stiffness, strength, and dimensional stability of all-biocomposite and hybrid natural–synthetic material systems were evaluated through material tests while structural performance of cellular plate designs was assessed through flexural tests on laboratory-scale samples. The experimental results were correlated with analytical models for short-fiber composites and cellular structures. The results showed that biocomposites have adequate short-term performance and that they can efficiently compete with housing panels made from conventional structural materials.     

基于未确知测度模型的非煤矿山安全标准化运行状况评价

为了实现对非煤矿山安全标准化运行状况的全员参与的评价,基于未确知理论,从监管、保障、能力、绩效等4个方面选取评价指标,建立安全标准化运行未确知测度模型.运用层次分析法(AHP)确定指标权重,以1级、2级、3级、4级作为评价等级.以某矿山企业为例进行评价.基于100位员工的评分结果,计算单指标未确知测度.结合权重、根据置信度识别准则,进行等级判定.最终得出该矿山企业安全标准化运行等级,并与专家考评结果进行对比分析.研究结果表明,该企业安全标准化运行等级为2级,与专家评价结果相吻合.     

威远江水电站工程对景观格局的影响分析

景观空间结构研究是生态研究的核心之一，号观功能的性质和发挥，影响着一个区域的物质流、信息流和能量流的特征，进而影响该区域的资源开发利用与保护。在遥感和GIS技术的支持下，结合卫星遥感图片和区域特点，确定了景观分类系统，选取了多样性、优势度、破碎度、分离度等案观格局指数，系统分析了景观空间格局和景观纹理特征。结果表明：该工程建设将导致区域景观多样性降低，优势度升高，破碎度和分离度增加。     

A Socio-Ecological Investigation of Options to Manage Groundwater Degradation in the Western Desert, Egypt

Under increasing water scarcity, collective groundwater management is a global concern. This article presents an interdisciplinary analysis of this challenge drawing on a survey including 50 large and small farms and gardens in a village in an agricultural land reclamation area on the edge of the Western Desert of Egypt. Findings revealed that smallholders rely on a practice of shallow groundwater use, through which drainage water from adjacent irrigation areas is effectively recycled within the surface aquifer. Expanding agroindustrial activities in the surrounding area are socio-economically important, but by mining non-renewable water in the surrounding area, they set in motion a degradation process with social and ecological consequences for all users in the multi-layered aquifer system. Based on the findings of our investigation, we identify opportunities for local authorities to more systematically connect available environmental information sources and common pool resource management precedents, to counterbalance the degradation threat.     

农业管理实践对除草剂环境行为的影响

除草剂的土壤环境行为与受人为控制的农业管理实践有密切的关系。本文通过文献调研综合分析了农田灌溉、耕作制度、施肥、作物秸秆还田和除草剂施用量等农业管理实践对除草剂土壤环境行为的影响 ,并据此提出了减轻除草剂污染地下水的若干思路。     

不确定性条件下斯里兰卡马哈韦利河流域农业水权交易研究

在水资源利用过程中,水权交易可促使用水效率较低的主体将水权转让给用水边际效益较高的主体,实现区域整体效益最大化。作为“一带一路”倡议的重要节点国家,选取斯里兰卡的马哈韦利河流域为研究区域,基于区间两阶段随机双层不确定性规划方法构建农业水权交易模型,处理社会经济数据的不确定性、地表水资源量的随机性以及系统的多目标性。研究表明：初始水权总量受气候变化影响,整体上呈现随降水增加而增加,随温度升高而降低的规律。此外,水权交易中,水稻种植业为主要买家,乳畜业为主要卖家。水权交易后,持有水权量最大的行业和区域分别是水稻种植业和波隆纳鲁沃县,其中初始水权分配对水权持有量影响较大。研究结果可提高变化气候下的马哈韦利河流域水资源管理科学性,逐步构建水资源综合管理,水权合理分配的新局面。