塔里木河中游段治理中的牧区水利建设

塔里木河中下游地区生态环境急剧恶化,最主要的原因是中游段河水近一半21×108m3被人为的散失,造成下游河水所剩无几,致使尾闾台特玛湖干涸。解决的根本办法是将中下游段两岸的农牧民迁出,实现人为耗水为零。近期切实可行的办法是积极开展牧区水利建设,改变牧业生产方式,集中高效利用塔河水资源,发展人工草地,改良天然草场,实现牧业生产生态环境的协调发展,人与自然和谐相处。     

加快牧区水利建设步伐,为草原生态保护提供水资源保障

通过对新疆主要牧区草地资源面临的生态问题以及水资源分析,阐述了人、畜、草、水的关系,结合《新疆牧区草原生态保护水资源保障规划》,阐明了牧区水利建设在牧区草原生态保护中所起到的重要作用,提出了牧区水利建设的总体思路和布局。     

EFFECTIVENESS OF POLYACRYLAMIDE (PAM) IN IMPROVING RUNOFF WATER QUALITY FROM CONSTRUCTION SITES1

ABSTRACT: Erosion from construction sites significantly affects water quality in receiving streams. A rainfall simulator was used to evaluate the effectiveness of different methods for controlling erosion from construction sites. Erosion control methods investigated included dry and liquid applications of polyacrylamide (PAM), hydroseed, and straw mulch. Fertilizer was also applied to each plot to examine the effectiveness of the methods in reducing nutrient losses in runoff. Runoff samples were analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), nitrate, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonium, total phosphorus (TP), and orthophosphate. Among all treatments investigated, straw mulch was the most effective treatment for controlling TSS and nutrient losses during short term and long term simulations. The low liquid PAM (half the recommended PAM) treatment resulted in the highest reduction in runoff, TSS bound nitrogen, and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations and loadings. The study results indicate that a high application rate (twice the recommended rate) of PAM could actually increase runoff and TSS losses. At a low application rate, both liquid and dry PAM were effective in reducing TSS and nutrient losses in runoff. However, application of the liquid form of PAM to construction sites is more practical and perhaps more economical than applying the PAM in the dry form.     

江西煤矿建设项目安全设施"三同时"监察工作现状调查及建议

江西省煤矿企业依照法律、法规的规定,煤矿建设项目安全设施"三同时"监察工作逐步规范,取得了一定的成绩.但是,同时也存在一些不容忽视的问题,如一些建设项目擅自开工,无安全设施设计,不按设计开工等.本文认为法规体系不健全、施工监理单位缺乏是造成这些问题的主要原因.根据这些分析,提出了下一步工作的建议,认为主管部门应该高度重视煤矿建设项目工作,提高认识,加强管理,依法行政,严格按程序办事,做好安全监察工作,以而切实从源头上抓好煤矿安全生产工作.     

抓住机遇打造生态化工城

工业兴市是一个区域经济发展的必然选择,而建设一个绿色生态化工城又是葫芦岛市发展的必由之路.以人为本、科技领先、加强环境保护、推进循环经济发展,以提高城市品位,力争全面达到创建"国家环保模范城"标准,营造一个最适宜人类居住的绿色生态城市.     

海外核电工程安全文化建设的实践

安全文化是企业文化的重要组成部分,有效的安全文化建设,对企业文化的管理和运行具有良好的促进作用。文章以海外核电某项目部的文化建设为例,以文化体系建设的安全文化管理模式、安全文化教育模式、安全文化检查模式、安全文化宣传模式、安全文化激励模式、安全文化科技模式、安全文化技能模式和安全文化专题模式来探讨海外核电某项目在安全文化建设的具体做法,为其他海外工程项目提供借鉴,不断提升企业软实力,提高中国核电走出去的安全管理水平。     

安全科学学科建设理论研究

安全科学是一门新兴的大交叉综合学科,为促进安全科学的快速发展,运用科学学思想和知识溯源等方法,从安全学科建设的高度,首先阐述交叉科学的属性、研究层次、交叉形式、知识命名和现有交叉科学研究存在的问题,在此基础上提出了安全科学研究的创新思路、安全科学研究的多视角与分类和安全科学研究成果的多样性特征,最后给出了安全科学新分支创建的实例。研究结果表明:只有了解交叉学科的基础问题,才能理解安全科学的发展,才能快速地创新安全科学。     

企业消防工作标准化建设探讨

目前我国企业正处于消防工作标准化推广阶段。为了提高企业消防工作效率,促进企业安全稳定的发展,通过分析企业消防工作标准化建设中存在的问题,提出应以消防法规为基础,结合企业实际,积极创新推行企业消防工作标准化建设,并以标准化体系建设为抓手,在切实提高消防安全管理水平的同时加强消防设备的维护保养工作,确保消防设备在火灾来临时能够发挥自身应有的作用。     

Fine‐resolution conservation planning with limited climate‐change information

Climate‐change induced uncertainties in future spatial patterns of conservation‐related outcomes make it difficult to implement standard conservation‐planning paradigms. A recent study translates Markowitz's risk‐diversification strategy from finance to conservation settings, enabling conservation agents to use this diversification strategy for allocating conservation and restoration investments across space to minimize the risk associated with such uncertainty. However, this method is information intensive and requires a large number of forecasts of ecological outcomes associated with possible climate‐change scenarios for carrying out fine‐resolution conservation planning. We developed a technique for iterative, spatial portfolio analysis that can be used to allocate scarce conservation resources across a desired level of subregions in a planning landscape in the absence of a sufficient number of ecological forecasts. We applied our technique to the Prairie Pothole Region in central North America. A lack of sufficient future climate information prevented attainment of the most efficient risk‐return conservation outcomes in the Prairie Pothole Region. The difference in expected conservation returns between conservation planning with limited climate‐change information and full climate‐change information was as large as 30% for the Prairie Pothole Region even when the most efficient iterative approach was used. However, our iterative approach allowed finer resolution portfolio allocation with limited climate‐change forecasts such that the best possible risk‐return combinations were obtained. With our most efficient iterative approach, the expected loss in conservation outcomes owing to limited climate‐change information could be reduced by 17% relative to other iterative approaches.     

Efficacy of created and restored nesting sites for the conservation of colonial Laridae in the South of France

By rapidly modifying key habitat components, habitat restoration is at risk of producing attractive cues for animals without providing habitats of sufficient quality. As such, individual fitness components, such as reproduction, could be reduced and restored habitats could become ecological traps. This risk notably appears by using artificial constructions in restoration projects, yet few studies have evaluated their efficacy in a robust way. We investigated this by analyzing 154 islets that were created or restored to improve the conservation status of 7 colonial Laridae species in the South of France. From 2007 to 2016, we compared occupancy dynamics and breeding parameters of these species between the restored sites and 846 unmanaged nesting sites. We also explored species’ preference for different nesting site characteristics and their respective effect on breeding parameters. Restored nesting sites were 2–9 times as attractive as unmanaged sites for all species except the Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus). Colonization probability was up to 100 times higher in sites already used by other species the previous year and increased with distance to the shore until >0.2 when distance was over 250 m. Abandonment probability was 29–70% lower when breeding was successful the previous year in all species except the Sandwich Tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis). Productivity and breeding success probability were 2 times higher on managed sites. Distance from the shore was an important attractive characteristic of artificial nesting sites in all species. Other nesting site characteristics had species-specific effects on colonization, abandonment, and breeding success. Our results indicate that managed nesting sites are successful conservation tools for colonial Laridae in the Mediterranean and do not act as ecological traps. Our study showed that testing the ecological trap hypothesis is a robust way to evaluate the success of restoration projects of breeding habitats.