果蔬罐头生产废水治理工程设计研究

采用接触氧化-SBR工艺对果蔬罐头生产废水进行治理,其工艺抗冲击负荷能力强,抗污泥膨胀性能较好,对水质水量变化的适应性强。本文对该公司废水来源及水质、废水处理工艺流程及其特点、主要构筑物及其设备参数、工程运行效果做出了详细的分析和讲解。试验研究表明,工艺运行稳定、出水水质较好,能够满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)中的一级排放要求。     

离子镀铝与离子液体电镀铝涂层性能对比研究

目的对比研究离子镀铝和离子液体电镀铝两种涂层的性能。方法针对高强度钢表面环保表面处理的需求,对比研究300M钢表面离子镀铝和离子液体电镀铝两种涂层,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)等对两种涂层的表面、断面微观形貌和成分进行表征;采用原子力显微镜(AFM)对两种涂层表面三维形貌和粗糙度进行观察和测量;采用电偶腐蚀测试两种涂层与铝合金的电偶腐蚀性能;采用缺口试样拉伸方法检测两种涂层对300M钢基体氢脆性能的影响;采用5%Na Cl人工海水周浸试验的方法检测两种涂层的耐蚀性能,与电镀镉钛镀层进行对比,采用电化学方法对涂层试验前后的阻抗谱特性进行检测分析。结果两种涂层表面形貌存在较大差异,离子镀铝经过致密化处理后,表面为均匀的圆饼状形貌,致密度很高,粗糙度约为0.88μm,而离子液体电镀铝涂层表面则为圆顶状的凸起物组成,没有明显的孔洞缺陷,粗糙度约为0.71μm;电偶腐蚀测试显示,两种涂层都能够与铝合金相容连接;缺口试样的拉伸试验结果显示,两种涂层的对基体的氢脆性能没有影响;腐蚀试验结果显示,两种涂层对于300M钢基体都具有良好的保护效果,与传统的电镀镉钛相当,具备了未来替代镉类镀层的潜质。结论两种涂层均匀致密,没有明显的气孔、裂纹等缺陷,电偶腐蚀性能优异,对300M钢基体都不会产生氢脆隐患,耐蚀性能优异。     

新型填料在生物接触氧化工艺中的应用研究

以处理120L／d城镇生活污水的生物接触氧化小试装置为研究平台,介绍了新型内置悬浮球形填料一生物接触氧化工艺的特点及运行状况。试验结果表明：两种新型内置悬浮球形填料对反应器充氧效率、接种挂膜速率、污水处理效果对比均为纤维束状填料好于筒状填料;与连续曝气相比,采用间歇曝气的运行方式,在使出水NH3-N达标的基础上,提高了TN和TP的去除率,系统的同步硝化反硝化现象和反硝化除磷现象比较明显,具有较强的经济性和实用性。     

应用厌氧接触发酵和稳定塘工艺处理小型肉联厂废水

肉联厂废水具有高生物降解性，其水质及排放量随季节变化很大，一般的小型肉联厂不能承担传统的处理方法，本文所述工程为应用厌氧接触发酵－稳定塘工艺，以及用新型过滤材料，取得了显著的效果，为处理小型肉联厂废水提供了一个良好的范例。     

Optimizing the horizontal structural diversity in uneven-aged northern hardwood stands

Two mathematical programming formulations are presented which allow the determination of diameter distributions that maximize the diameter class diversity in uneven-aged northern hardwood stands. Distributions generated from these models were found to be comparable from a management standpoint and could be incorporated into existing linear programming models as alternative management scenarios. The models presented here provide an initial framework for quantitatively addressing the requirements of the US National Forest Management Act in matters of diversity in the planning process.     

不同环境下微动开关腐蚀形貌及接触电阻变化对比分析研究

目的对比分析不同试验环境下微动开关的腐蚀行为,研究其腐蚀机理。方法针对干湿交替酸性盐雾试验环境、盐雾/SO2复合试验环境及热带海洋大气环境下微动开关接触电阻的变化趋势,以及对不同试验环境后微动开关内部被腐蚀的细小结构件进行微观形貌观察和能谱分析。通过对比分析不同试验环境下微动开关的腐蚀机理及其对电性能参数的影响。结果含硫环境对微动开关内部银质触点的影响最严重。结论腐蚀产物硫化银的导电性极差,这会导致微动开关接触电阻升高。     

基于PM2.5来源解析的减排方案制定

为定量解析PM_2.5浓度与排放源削减比例之间的关系,利用WRF-NAQPMS/OSAM模式对2017年12月京津冀及周边地区“2+26”城市的PM_2.5浓度变化和来源解析进行了模拟,并基于来源解析结果对各城市进行了迭代减排实验.结果表明,各城市削减本地排放源的效果最为显著,由于受化学生成影响引起的排放源和PM_2.5浓度之间的高度非线性关系,使得线性减排方案具有较大的局限性.各城市排放源削减引起的PM_2.5浓度变化主要由排放源的一次贡献和化学生成的二次贡献组成,其中化学生成的二次贡献浓度与行业解析结果的函数之间存在显著的线性关系.随着排放源的削减,清洁期间PM_2.5浓度中各组分的浓度随之下降,污染期间硝酸盐、二次有机气溶胶、铵盐等浓度不降反升,这为迭代减排方案中物种的选择提供了指导意义.     

Sorption of metals onto natural organic matter as a function of complexation and adsorbent-adsorbate contact mode

The effect of complexing anion and adsorbate-adsorbent contact mode (static equilibrium or dynamic non-equilibrium) on binding and partition of Cu(2+), Cd(2+) and Zn(2+) onto organic matter (exemplified in a low-moor peat) was studied. The study comprised comparative batch and column flow-through sorption experiments on monometallic solutions of Me-Cl and Me-SO(4) salts, at pH 4.0, and sequential fractionation of sorbed metals with respect to binding strength. Both the presence of an anion having complexing properties (Cl(-)) as well as a contact mode was found to quantitatively and qualitatively affect the sorption capacity and binding strength of organic matter (peat) for metal ions. Complexing effect of Cl(-) on metal ions resulted mostly in reduction of metal ability to form strongly bound metal-organic compounds, in accordance with the order of stability constant of complex ions log K: Cd>Zn>Cu. Flow-through (dynamic) contact mode, which is the most appropriate to simulate environmental conditions, appeared to strongly attenuate the complexing effect of chloride ions on Cd and Zn sorption, and significantly enhance sorption capacity also in the absence of complexing ions. For Cd, it was mainly due to the enrichment in the strongly bound "insoluble organic" fraction, while for Zn the quantitative increase of sorption capacity did not alter significantly its partitioning. Neither a quantitative nor qualitative effect of contact mode on Cu binding was observed. Complex and diverse effects of different environmental parameters on metal sorption capacity and binding strength onto organic matter, which strongly influence metal mobility, leads to the conclusion that the correct simulation of these parameters for ecotoxicological testing is crucial for the reliable predicting of metal bioavailability under actual terrestrial environmental conditions.     

ABR-接触氧化-气浮处理印染废水与工程应用

利用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)-接触氧化-气浮组合工艺处理印染废水,对工程设计参数进行探索。结果表明:ABR停留时间12h,接触氧化COD容积负荷为0.6 kg/(m3.d),经脱色气浮后出水COD、色度等指标均能达到GB4287—92《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》一级排放标准,且运行效果稳定,费用较低。     

Ecotoxicological testing of soil by four bacterial biotests

The objective of this work was threefold. Firstly, this paper intends to introduce four microbial toxicity screening methods (Bacillus subtilis agar diffusion method, Azotobacter agile and Pseudomonas fluorescens dehydrogenase enzyme inhibition tube test, and Photobacterium phosphoreum contact toxicity test) for the investigation of contaminated solid samples such as soil and sediment. Secondly, this work was carried out to prove that both soil characteristics and chemical form of contaminants influence the bioavailability of contaminants and alter the toxicity of soil sample considerably. Thirdly, the sensitivity of the above mentioned four biotests to different contaminants of the soil (heavy metals, organic compounds) was determined and compared. The data evaluation was processed by computer aided statistical methods such as cluster, correlation and principal components analysis by the use of Statgraphics^R.

According to cluster analysis carried out separately for chemical data and biological data, we observed that those samples that have similar chemical composition do not show similar toxicity, which is probably due to different bioavailability of contaminants, the impacts of soil characteristics as well as interaction of contaminants. According to the investigation of sensitivity of the examined four biotests the following conclusion could be drawn: P. phosphoreum and A. agile tests are similar in the sense that they are sensitive to Cu to a large extent and also to PAHs and hydrocarbons (CH) to a lesser extent. B. subtilis test corresponds well with P. fluorescens test method since both tests give good correlation with heavy metals. Neither B. subtilis nor P.fluorescens biotests are sensitive to organic soil contaminants such as PAH and CH.