不同通勤模式暴露于VOCs的健康风险评价

针对国内外交通微环境VOCs健康风险研究中通勤模式和有害挥发物较为单一的不足,选取广州市家庭轿车、空调公共汽车、非空调公共汽车、地铁和自行车这5种通勤模式中的苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯、苯乙烯、甲醛、乙醛和丙烯醛等8种VOCs,运用Monte-Carlo模拟方法,进行健康风险评价并对各吸入暴露参数做出敏感性分析.结果表明,空调公交车和家庭轿车的致癌风险较大,分别服从t分布和对数正态分布,为1.65×10~(-5)±5.74×10~(-9)和5.01×10~(-6)±3.56×10~(-11),超过10~(-6)的概率分别为97%和74.85%,自行车和非空调公交车次之,地铁的致癌风险最小,但平均值皆超过10~(-6);家庭轿车和空调公共汽车的非致癌风险较大,服从对数正态分布,分别为2.51±2.74和1.20±1.36,其中丙烯醛的贡献皆在80%以上,骑自行车的非致癌风险较小,预期将不会对人体健康产生威胁;各暴露参数中,对健康风险敏感度较大的依次为:每天的暴露时间(ET)、有害挥发物的浓度(CA)、终生暴露年限(ED)、呼吸速率(IR)和每年的暴露天数(EF),而体重(BW)具有负敏感性.     

城市交通低碳化的可能路径

低碳经济下的城市交通建设不仅要求建设足够的城市交通设施以满足居民对城市机动化的需求,同时必须发展与城市碳容系统相协调的交通体系以保持经济增长与环境需求间的动态平衡。因此中国在加快城市机动化推进的同时也面,陆着资源与环境问题的挑战。论文对中国如何发展城市交通低碳化进行了战略构想,从空间性减碳、技术性减碳和社会性减碳三方面着眼提出了可行性建议。     

中亚咸海干涸湖床粉尘潜在扩散的时空变异分析

基于1969~2018年再分析气象资料,运用拉格朗日混合单粒子轨道（HYSPLIT）模型,计算了以咸海为中心未来7d的逐日气团轨迹,采用核密度分析法,绘制了5个层次（0~0.5,0.5~1,1~1.5,1.5~2,2~5km·agl）的气团轨迹密度图,分析了咸海干涸湖床粉尘扩散的时空变异.结果显示,粉尘潜在扩散具有季节分异.春、冬季粉尘扩散范围与密度最大,沿东北方向扩散比例分别占61%、35%,最远可达亚洲东部地区,其次是秋季;夏季粉尘扩散以0.5km为界限表现明显的高度差异.随着高度的增加,粉尘潜在扩散的密度逐渐降低.受地形与天气系统的影响,春、夏粉尘扩散呈现向东北,西南方向扩散趋势,秋、冬呈现沿东北方向扩散趋势.有利的天气条件下,咸海干涸湖床粉尘可远距离输送：在近源区沉降,影响乌兹别克斯坦及周边国家,在山区沉降,则可能加速天山雪冰融化.     

基于AIS数据的中国沿海集装箱港口碳排放

为了精确有效地测量船舶在港碳排放,提出了一种基于海量船舶AIS (Automatic identification System)航行轨迹数据的港口碳排放计算框架,并结合上市港务公司经营数据,估算港口碳排放承担能力.以中国11个沿海主要集装箱港口为例,采用2018年全球4280艘集装箱船的AIS轨迹全年数据计算碳排放社会成本.结果显示:中国沿海集装箱港口碳排放量与船舶抵港艘次整体呈正相关,上海港是全球第一大集装箱港口,2018年其港口CO₂排放量最高,为69.3万t;船舶靠港作业时,在泊和锚泊状态CO₂的排放比例较高,占碳排放比例的65.8%;从CO₂排放社会成本来看,上海港域内的船舶碳排放社会成本最高,2018年需要支付2459.6万元,从承担碳排放社会成本的能力来看,连云港压力较大,每亿营业收入需要承担碳排放社会成本24.46万元.     

Accelerated transport of (90)Sr following a release of high ionic strength solution in vadose zone sediments

Numerical simulation of cation exchange and mineral precipitation/dissolution reactions using the multiphase reactive geochemical transport code TOUGHREACT has provided important insight into the distribution of (90)Sr among layers of geologic strata in a complex vadose zone at the U. S. Department of Energy's Idaho National Laboratory. During a transfer operation in November 1972, 70.4 m(3) of acidic, high ionic strength liquid containing 15,900 Ci of (90)Sr was released over five days into alluvial gravels 137 m above the Snake River Plain Aquifer. Sampling data from perched water zones 33 m below the release contain very high levels of (90)Sr as do soil samples obtained nearer the point of release. Use of traditional simulation approaches using laboratory-measured constant partitioning coefficients (K(d)) cannot simultaneously explain perched water and soil concentrations. To address the discrepancy, a reactive transport approach was adopted to include competitive cation exchange, dissolution/precipitation of calcite, carbon dioxide gas production and transport, and gibbsite precipitation. Simulation results using this model suggest that some of the (90)Sr could have been transported very rapidly immediately after the release with the acceleration facilitated by competition for cation exchange sites with high sodium concentrations in the released liquid and calcium dissolved from calcite, and to a lesser extent by formation of aqueous complexes with nitrate. Once the leading edge of the liquid assemblage was flushed from the alluvium, the mobility of the remaining (90)Sr decreased significantly in the absence of the competing cations. Calculations indicate that there should be a net increase in calcite, suggesting that (90)Sr could be entrained in the mineral lattice, but insufficient field data exist for confirmation. Sensitivity studies show that the cation exchange selectivity coefficients were the most sensitive individual parameters determining the (90)Sr distribution. However, the most sensitive overall quantity was the total ion exchange capacity which is a function of the moles of exchange sites per volume of pore water, the cation exchange capacity, and the total volume wetted by the infiltrating solution. In contrast, the future mobility of (90)Sr was found to be relatively insensitive to the normal range in the composition of influxing precipitation and anthropogenic waters.     

Modelling assessment of regional groundwater contamination due to historic smelter emissions of heavy metals

Historic emissions from ore smelters typically cause regional soil contamination. We developed a modelling approach to assess the impact of such contamination on groundwater and surface water load, coupling unsaturated zone leaching modelling with 3D groundwater transport modelling. Both historic and predictive modelling were performed, using a mass balance approach for three different catchments in the vicinity of three smelters. The catchments differ in their hydrology and geochemistry. The historic modelling results indicate that leaching to groundwater is spatially very heterogeneous due to variation in soil characteristics, in particular soil pH. In the saturated zone, cadmium is becoming strongly retarded due to strong sorption at neutral pH, even though the reactivity of the sandy sediments is low. A comparison between two datasets (from 1990 to 2002) on shallow groundwater and modelled concentrations provided a useful verification on the level of statistics of "homogeneous areas" (areas with comparable land use, soil type and geohydrological situation) instead of comparison at individual locations. While at individual locations observations and the model varies up to two orders of magnitude, for homogeneous areas, medians and ranges of measured concentrations and the model results are similar. A sensitivity analysis on metal input loads, groundwater composition and sediment geochemistry reveals that the best available information scenario based on the median value of input parameters for the model predicts the range in observed concentrations very well. However, the model results are sensitive to the sediment contents of the reactive components (organic matter, clay minerals and iron oxides). Uncertainty in metal input loads and groundwater chemistry are of lesser importance. Predictive modelling reveals a remarkable difference in geochemical and hydrological controls on subsurface metal transport at catchment-scale. Whether the surface water load will peak within a few decades or continue to increase until after 2050 depends on the dominant land use functions in the areas, their hydrology and geochemical build-up.     

天然环境中多环芳烃的迁移转化及其对生态环境的影响

多环芳烃（ＰＡＨ）化合物是一类广泛存在于天然环境中的化学污染物，对生态环境造成了一定程度的影响。本文概述了天然环境中多环芳烃的来源，分布和迁移转化规律。从ＰＡＨ的吸附，挥发，光解和生物转化作用以及对水生动植物的毒性机理，探讨了ＰＡＨ在天然环境中的化学行为和对生态环境的影响。     

Sources of Suspended-Sediment Flux in Streams of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: A Regional Application of the SPARROW Model1

Brakebill, John W., Scott W. Ator, and Gregory E. Schwarz, 2010. Sources of Suspended-Sediment Flux in Streams of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: A Regional Application of the SPARROW Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 757-776. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00450.x Abstract: We describe the sources and transport of fluvial suspended sediment in nontidal streams of the Chesapeake Bay watershed and vicinity. We applied SPAtially Referenced Regressions on Watershed attributes, which spatially correlates estimated mean annual flux of suspended sediment in nontidal streams with sources of suspended sediment and transport factors. According to our model, urban development generates on average the greatest amount of suspended sediment per unit area (3,928 Mg/km²/year), although agriculture is much more widespread and is the greatest overall source of suspended sediment (57 Mg/km²/year). Factors affecting sediment transport from uplands to streams include mean basin slope, reservoirs, physiography, and soil permeability. On average, 59% of upland suspended sediment generated is temporarily stored along large rivers draining the Coastal Plain or in reservoirs throughout the watershed. Applying erosion and sediment controls from agriculture and urban development in areas of the northern Piedmont close to the upper Bay, where the combined effects of watershed characteristics on sediment transport have the greatest influence may be most helpful in mitigating sedimentation in the bay and its tributaries. Stream restoration efforts addressing floodplain and bank stabilization and incision may be more effective in smaller, headwater streams outside of the Coastal Plain.     

Most Influential Parameters for the Bed-Load Sediment Flux Equations Used in Alluvial Rivers1

Khorram, Saeed and Mustafa Ergil, 2010. Most Influential Parameters for the Bed-Load Sediment Flux Equations Used in Alluvial Rivers. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA): 46(6):1065–1090. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00468.x Abstract: Problems of bed-load sediment transport equations in alluvial rivers are addressed in this study where user-friendly parameters were developed. To determine the influences of 300 parameters on the final result, 52 selected bed-load equations for noncohesive particles (sand and gravel separately) were gathered and individually investigated. The influences of discrepancies among the computed and measured datasets were obtained by sensitivity analysis through multilinear regression method. The most influential parameters for the bed-load sediment flux equations used to describe sand particles in alluvial rivers are: the gravitational power due to Shields’ parameter with an energy slope, the universal stream power due to critical Shields’ parameter with an energy slope, the Shields’ parameter ratio, the critical unit stream power, and the Shields’ parameter with energy slope. For gravel particles, the most influential parameters are: the universal stream power due to critical Shields’ parameter with an energy slope, the Shields’ parameter ratio, the gravitational power due to Shields’ parameter with an energy slope, the Shields’ parameter with an energy slope, and the Froude number of the channel. It is expected that researchers working in this field will be able to use these predicted parameters to generate new bed-load sediment flux equations that give results that more closely agree with the actual values measured in alluvial rivers.     

西安城区大气有机氯农药的污染特征及来源分析

采用大流量主动采样器于2008年7—10月对西安城区大气进行采集,共获得颗粒态和气态样品24个,并对其中含有的17种有机氯农药(OCPs)进行了分析.结果表明:西安城区大气中ρ(α-硫丹)和ρ(β-硫丹)最高,分别为260.7和212.0pg m3,ρ(DDTs)(DDTs=o,p′-DDD+o,p′-DDT+o,p′-DDE+p,p′-DDD+p,p′-DDT+p,p′-DDE)为167.4pgm3,ρ(HCHs)(HCHs=α-HCH+β-HCH+γ-HCH)为199.3pgm3,ρ(trans-氯丹)和ρ(cis-氯丹)分别为104.0和97.3pgm3,ρ(六氯苯)为74.9pgm3,且都主要分布在气相中.来源分析表明,西安大气中DDTs受三氯杀螨醇的影响显著,而HCHs则主要来源于林丹的使用残留.α-HCH,HCB,p,p′-DDE及p,p′-DDT主要受污染物长距离传输影响,而γ-HCH,trans-氯丹,cis-氯丹,α-硫丹和β-硫丹主要受采样点周边地表挥发的影响.