危险化学品运输管理及事故应急系统探讨

通过全球定位系统(GPS)、地理信息系统(GIS)、专家系统(ES)、自动监测等技术的集成,充分发挥各自技术的优势,建立危险化学品运输及事故应急系统。该系统由基于GPS技术的“运输车辆管理”、基于自动监测技术的“事故自动报警”、基于扩散数学模型和GIS技术的“泄漏模拟分析”、基于专家系统的“事故应急救援”以及基于Web技术“信息发布及数据维护”等5个子系统组成,通过集成各子系统实现危险化学品运输管理的自动化、智能化,在事故发生的第一时间自动报警,避免因人为因素而贻误救援时间,同时通过现场信息数据分析做出最有效的救援安排。     

我国汽车行驶记录仪应用现状及对策建议

笔者通过国内外充分调研，总结了我国汽车行驶记录仪的应用现状，对我国汽车行驶记录仪目前试用及推广中存在的主要问题予以阐述和分析，并结合欧盟汽车行驶记录仪应用的实际情况和经验，对当前我国汽车行驶记录仪的推广应用提出了一些对策建议。     

危险品航空安全运输管理系统的探讨

我国的危险品航空运输管理体系，虽然在法规体系、培训机制以及管理机构与监察制度方面逐渐完善，但是运输管理手段存在滞后现象。通过对国外现有各危险品航空运输管理系统研究，并对比我国危险品航空运输现状，分析了各系统存在的功能缺陷。在此基础上，提出构建基于数据库技术的我国危险品航空安全运输综合管理系统，并详细地阐述了系统的功能设计模块及该系统的作用。     

BEDLOAD TRANSPORT IN AN OREGON COAST RANGE STREAM1

Bedload transport was measured with two sampler types (vortex tube and Helley-Smith pressure differential) for three major storms at Flynn Creek, which drains a 2.2-km² forested watershed in the Oregon Coast Range. The largest flow during two winters of monitoring had a peak discharge of 0.79 m³ s^-1 km^-2, with an associated recurrence interval of ? 1.3 yr. The median particle diameter of sediment in transport was generally < 1 mm. The vortex tube and its associated sample box were relatively inefficient at trapping particles < 10 mm in diameter; however, even after transport rates were adjusted to account for sampling deficiencies of the sample box, they still averaged 42–47 percent of those obtained with the Helley-Smith sampler. Organic matter and sand sized sediments in transport also were observed to partially plug the 0.2-mm-mesh bag of the Helley-Smith sampler. Large temporal variability in bedload transport rates was measured during periods of high flow.     

The influence of system complexity on bacterial transport in saturated porous media

A series of miscible-displacement column experiments were conducted under saturated flow conditions to systematically investigate the influence of physical and biological complexity on bacterial activity and fate in the presence and absence of a non-sorbing growth substrate, salicylate. Bacterial elution was monitored for three different systems; System I--a sterilized, inoculated, well-sorted sand, System II--a sterilized, inoculated, heterogeneous loamy sand (Hayhook), and System III--two different unsterilized loamy sands (Hayhook and Vinton) each with their associated indigenous microbial community. Results show that System I behaved ideally with respect to both cell and substrate transport, wherein: (1) growth occurred in response to substrate addition, (2) cell elution increased in response to the substrate pulse, and (3) breakthrough curves were reproducible for both substrate and cell elution. In contrast, System II showed ideal behavior with respect to substrate transport but showed variable behavior for cell transport. Further, there was no measurable growth in response to substrate addition and no increase in cell elution during the salicylate pulse. System III exhibited non-ideal behavior for both substrate and cell transport. Of particular interest is the fact that the indigenous communities of the two soils behaved differently. Specifically, for the Hayhook soil, an increased elution response was observed for the heterotrophic population while the salicylate-degrading community was preferentially retained in the column. In contrast for the Vinton soil, the substrate pulse did not elicit an elution response from either the heterotrophic or salicylate-degrading community from the culturable, indigenous Vinton microorganisms. For Systems II and III, the observed variability appears to be associated with the biological component of the system, since sterile controls were reproducible. This type of systematic study is critical for understanding cell and substrate transport behavior in complex, heterogeneous systems, and illustrates the potential uncertainty associated with measurements in such systems.     

西安城区大气有机氯农药的污染特征及来源分析

采用大流量主动采样器于2008年7—10月对西安城区大气进行采集,共获得颗粒态和气态样品24个,并对其中含有的17种有机氯农药(OCPs)进行了分析.结果表明:西安城区大气中ρ(α-硫丹)和ρ(β-硫丹)最高,分别为260.7和212.0pg m3,ρ(DDTs)(DDTs=o,p′-DDD+o,p′-DDT+o,p′-DDE+p,p′-DDD+p,p′-DDT+p,p′-DDE)为167.4pgm3,ρ(HCHs)(HCHs=α-HCH+β-HCH+γ-HCH)为199.3pgm3,ρ(trans-氯丹)和ρ(cis-氯丹)分别为104.0和97.3pgm3,ρ(六氯苯)为74.9pgm3,且都主要分布在气相中.来源分析表明,西安大气中DDTs受三氯杀螨醇的影响显著,而HCHs则主要来源于林丹的使用残留.α-HCH,HCB,p,p′-DDE及p,p′-DDT主要受污染物长距离传输影响,而γ-HCH,trans-氯丹,cis-氯丹,α-硫丹和β-硫丹主要受采样点周边地表挥发的影响.     

川渝地区夏季降水异常水汽输送差异

利用川渝地区1960—2006年34站逐月降水量资料和美国NCEP/NCAR同期逐月风场、比湿场和地面气压场资料,网格距2.5°×2.5°,采用EOF分解、区域降水指数、合成分析等方法,详细讨论了川渝地区夏季降水量多、少雨年水汽通量的纬向、经向、整层输送及水汽通量散度的差异。川渝地区夏季降水量标准化距平EOF分解结果表明把川渝地区夏季降水量作为一个整体来分析是合理的。区域降水量指数能很好地揭示出川渝地区夏季降水量的多寡。合成分析表明川渝地区夏季降水量多、少雨年水汽输送通量的纬向、经向、整层输送及水汽通量散度存在着明显差异,多雨年孟加拉湾、南海、西太平洋的水汽输送通量显著增强,水汽输送通量辐合比少雨年显著增强,为川渝地区夏季降水提供了丰沛的水汽条件,有利于川渝地区夏季降水量的异常偏多;少雨年则反之。     

天然气输气行业开展清洁生产审核的意义

清洁生产是我国持续发展和科学发展的一项重要内容,也是实现我国污染控制重点由末端治理向生产过程控制转变的重要措施,而“清洁生产审核”是推行清洁生产的一种管理思路和方法。以中国石油天然气股份有限公司西南油气田分公司输气管理处为例进行清洁生产审核分析,阐述天然气输气行业开展清洁生产审核的意义。     

基于增维精细积分法的单层垃圾体气体迁移分析

采用增维精细积分法对含覆盖层单层垃圾体一维气体迁移进行了瞬态分析.首先,对含覆盖层单层垃圾体的一维气体迁移控制方程进行有限差分离散,得到了其有限差分状态方程;然后,采用增维精细积分法建立了求解任一时刻垃圾体气压力的递推公式.计算结果表明:本文提出的增维精细积分解与校正-预测解吻合得相当好,而且受时间步长影响相对较小.     

降雨条件下典型岩溶流域地下水中的物质运移

通过对2008年4月下旬降雨期间,重庆青木关地下河系统出口姜家泉泉水的水文过程、浊度、悬浮颗粒物、主要阳离子和TOC浓度的监测,结合悬浮颗粒物的扫描电镜和能谱分析图,来研究岩溶流域地下水中悬浮颗粒物浓度、浊度、主要阳离子和TOC等物质的运移特征.结果表明,在单一岩溶管道较发育的地下河出口,泉水流量、浊度、悬浮颗粒物浓度、主要阳离子和TOC浓度对降雨事件响应迅速;与碳酸盐岩溶解有关的Ca2+、Mg2+和Sr2+等在流量上升的过程中表现为稀释效应;降雨期间,地下河中受雨水侵蚀的土壤输入量增大,引起泉水中浊度和悬浮颗粒物浓度的增大;泉水中Al3+、Fe、Mn、Ba2+和TOC等物质是悬浮颗粒物的伴生物,其浓度随浊度的增大而增大;在研究的2场降雨期间,地下水携带悬浮颗粒物(0.45μm)的总量约为9.7t;在泉水流量的上升和衰减的过程中,水质较差或极差;降雨期间流域内土壤侵蚀和养分的流失,不但严重破坏了脆弱的岩溶生态环境,而且极易造成地下水由土壤侵蚀引起的非点源污染,对当地居民的饮水安全造成严重的威胁.