京津冀典型城市冬季人为源减排与气象条件对PM2.5污染影响

本研究基于采样分析与WRF-CAMx-PSAT模式分析了2018年1月北京和唐山PM_2.5的组分特征、传输特征和来源解析.结果表明,2018年1月北京和唐山水溶性无机离子占PM_2.5质量浓度的49.59%和39.13%,两地NO₃^-/SO₄^2-分别为2.02和1.51,均受移动源主导,北京和唐山PM_2.5外来贡献分别占总浓度的48.74%和30.67%,除此之外主要受到邻近局地、西北通道和西南通道这3个方面的污染输送.在污染日时段,两地受西南通道污染贡献分别上升9.65%和15.02%.北京PM_2.5污染浓度贡献最大的是移动源和扬尘源,二次离子受区域输入影响较为明显,唐山则以移动源和工业源为主,且一次颗粒物和SO₄^2-的本地贡献十分显著.与2013年相比,水溶性离子主导组分由SO₄^2-向NO₃^-转变,主要污染源由燃煤源和工业源向移动源和扬尘源转变,同时2018年气象条件对于污染的缓解也比2013年更为有利,其中二次离子的气象影响变化与这两年的相对湿度变化差异紧密相关.     

运城市PM2.5时空分布特征和潜在源区季节分析

基于2019年3月～2020年2月环境空气质量监测数据,分析了运城市PM_2.5污染的时空分布特征,并利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型和聚类分析等方法探讨不同季节运城市PM_2.5污染的输送路径和潜在源区.结果表明,运城市ρ(PM_2.5)冬季最高(111.24μg·m^-3),夏季最低(30.02μg·m^-3),PM_2.5/PM₁₀秋冬季均大于0.6,表明运城市秋冬两季颗粒物污染以细颗粒物为主;空间上ρ(PM_2.5)年均值呈现北部和中部高、东部和西部低的分布特征,高值区PM_2.5与SO₂、 NO₂和CO呈显著强相关,表明本地排放对高值区ρ(PM_2.5)影响较大,春季和冬季最高值分别位于河津市(58.50μg·m^-3)和稷山县(142.33μg·m^-3),夏季最高值位于南部的平陆县(36.92...     

珠江三角洲地区水体表层沉积物中多环芳烃的来源、迁移及生态风险评价

检测了珠江三角洲河流及南海近海表层沉积物中25种多环芳烃的含量．其含量范围为138-6793ng·g-1．主成分分析/多元回归分析结果表明,珠江三角洲水体沉积物中多环芳烃来源主要有石油排放,煤、木柴等低温燃烧排放,机动车尾气排放及生物成因．其相对贡献分别为石油排放占36％、煤、木柴燃烧占27％、机动车尾气占25％,自然来源占12％．珠江、东江河流沉积物中多环芳烃主要来源于区域内工业和生活废物的直接排入和机动车尾气的近距离沉降．西江沉积物中多环芳烃大气沉降是主要输入途径．南海沉积物中多环芳烃河流输入是主要途径．在多环芳烃由河流向海洋的输送过程中,茈可以作为一个有效指标示踪河流输送的多环芳烃．风险评价表明,东江及珠江部分河段沉积物可能存在着对生物的潜在危害,其它区域多环芳烃的生态风险处于较低水平．     

有机污染物在土壤和地下水中迁移建模

地下水有机污染是由人类活动引起的各种物理、化学和生物等干扰过程造成有机污染物自土壤表面迁移至地下含水层的结果。为了解有机污染物如何自土表经过不饱和层（包气带）进入含水层，需要对不饱和层中所进行的各种物理、化学和生物等过程进行较准确的定量描述。本文就不饱和层和含水层中水分和有机污染物迁移建模的一些基本概念和方法进行综述，并列举了一些经典的和新颖的建模方法。     

Transport and transformation of sulfur compounds over East Asia during the TRACE-P and ACE-Asia campaigns

On the basis of the recently estimated emission inventory for East Asia with a resolution of 1×1°, the transport and chemical transformation of sulfur compounds over East Asia during the period of 22 February through 4 May 2001 was investigated by using the Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with meteorological fields calculated by the regional atmospheric modeling system (RAMS). For evaluating the model performance simulated concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and aerosol sulfate (SO₄²⁻) were compared with the observations on the ground level at four remote sites in Japan and on board aircraft and vessel during the transport and chemical evolution over the Pacific and Asian Pacific regional aerosol characterization experiment field campaigns, and it was found that the model reproduces many of the important features in the observations, including horizontal and vertical gradients. The SO₂ and SO₄²⁻ concentrations show pronounced variations in time and space, with SO₂ and SO₄²⁻ behaving differently due to the interplay of chemical conversion, removal and transport processes. Analysis of model results shows that emission was the dominant term in regulating the SO₂ spatial distribution, while conversion of SO₂ to SO₄²⁻ in the gas phase and the aqueous phase and wet removal were the primary factors that controlled SO₄²⁻ amounts. The gas phase and the aqueous phase have the same importance in oxidizing SO₂, and about 42% sulfur compounds (25% in SO₂) emitted in the model domain was transported out, while about 57% (35% by wet removal processes) was deposited in the domain during the study period.     

深圳市一次典型春季臭氧污染事件成因研究

以往珠三角地区臭氧污染普遍发生在秋季,但近年来春季臭氧污染事件不断发生,并且污染出现时间愈发提前.本研究聚焦于深圳市2022年春季（2月26日）一次臭氧污染过程,系统性地分析了此次臭氧污染过程的主要成因与关键驱动因素.结果表明,在春季臭氧污染的形成过程中,气象条件扮演着重要角色,在高压天气系统影响下的强太阳辐射、高温、低湿和低风速是导致此次臭氧污染的重要因素.通过臭氧的垂直观测数据分析发现,夜间残留层中的高浓度臭氧能够在上午时段混入边界层内,加速地面臭氧浓度累积.此外,通过臭氧前体物浓度的变化特征分析发现,在污染日的下午时段出现臭氧及其前体物浓度的快速升高,推测为上风向区域的外部输送贡献加强,这也是导致此次春季臭氧污染发生的重要原因.敏感性分析表明,污染日的臭氧生成主要受VOCs控制,但在污染加剧时受到NO_x控制,因此,对春季臭氧污染的 防控需要从区域角度开展VOCs和NO_x的协同减排与治理.     

基于HYDRUS-1D模型的植物根系对人工基质水分特征曲线参数的影响

为了定量揭示绿色屋顶植物根系对人工基质水力特性的影响,选用两种景天属植物（垂盆草和佛甲草）及两种人工基质（珍珠岩和蛭石）进行水分及溶质运移实验,基于HYDRUS-1D模型反演人工基质水分特征曲线参数,以此分析植物根系所引起的人工基质水分特征曲线参数的变化.结果发现,植物根系使两种人工基质残余含水率θ_r降低、权重系数w增加.不同植物根系对两种人工基质饱和含水率θ_s的影响不同, 体现为垂盆草根系相较佛甲草根系对θ_s的影响范围更小.植物根系对人工基质吸力参数α₁、α₂的改变效应随人工基质种类发生变化,表现为珍珠岩基质α₁、α₂均因垂盆草根系得以提高、因佛甲草根系而降低,蛭石基质α₁、α₂则因植物根系分别降低和增加.研究结果可为绿色屋顶 植物-人工基质结构优化提供科学依据.     

定子叶片数对泵喷推进器空化性能的影响

目的 在改善泵喷推进器(泵喷)水动力性能的同时,兼顾其空化性能。方法 以某前置泵喷为原型,采用基于密度修正的RNG k-ε双方程湍流模型,结合Zwart空化方程,数值研究定子叶片数(Ns= 6~10)对空化性能的影响。结果 泵喷空化主要为叶梢涡空化和叶片表面的片状空化,而时–频空化曲线与叶片数目有关,其中单转子表面空化与定子数目相关,而总空化面积与转–定子影响有关。结论 增加定子叶片数虽然提高了泵喷推力和扭矩,但转子叶片及叶梢负荷增加,使空化范围大幅度增加。最终Ns从6增加到10时,总空化体积涨幅超过5倍。分析空化流动中的涡量输运方程发现,膨胀收缩项在空化演化占主导作用,并且随着定子叶数的增加而增大。     

可持续交通消费的接受和使用行为研究——基于上海市汽车共享的调查

汽车共享作为中国新兴的可持续交通方式,如何成功的使消费者接受和使用,是研究的关键挑战。本文基于UTAUT2模型,选择上海市居民作为调查对象,发现价格价值对行为意向影响最大,其次为享乐动机、努力期望、绩效期望和便利条件,社群影响对行为意向影响不显著;行为意向和便利条件对使用行为有显著正面影响,便利条件对使用行为影响更大。进而,使用个人特征为调节变量(是否有私家车、网约车经验和婚姻状况)验证对模型路径的影响,绩效期望对行为意向的影响受到是否有车、网约车经验和婚姻状况三个因素的调节,无车、无网约车经验与未婚的受访者调节效应更强;便利条件对行为意向和使用行为的影响同时受到是否有车单个因素的调节,无车者的调节作用更强;价值价格对行为意向的影响受到婚姻状况的调节,未婚者的调节效应更强;行为意向对使用行为的影响受到是否有网约车经验的调节,无网约车经验的调节效应更强。基于汽车共享服务发展初期的市场调查,本文建议汽车共享企业应提前布局服务网络,扩大会员数量,宣传它与私家车相比的成本优势和共享的价值观,获得细分市场。     

Hot Spots and Hot Moments in Riparian Zones: Potential for Improved Water Quality Management1

Vidon, Philippe, Craig Allan, Douglas Burns, Tim P. Duval, Noel Gurwick, Shreeram Inamdar, Richard Lowrance, Judy Okay, Durelle Scott, and Steve Sebestyen, 2010. Hot Spots and Hot Moments in Riparian Zones: Potential for Improved Water Quality Management. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):278-298. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00420.x Abstract: Biogeochemical and hydrological processes in riparian zones regulate contaminant movement to receiving waters and often mitigate the impact of upland sources of contaminants on water quality. These heterogeneous processes have recently been conceptualized as “hot spots and moments” of retention, degradation, or production. Nevertheless, studies investigating the importance of hot phenomena (spots and moments) in riparian zones have thus far largely focused on nitrogen (N) despite compelling evidence that a variety of elements, chemicals, and particulate contaminant cycles are subject to the influence of both biogeochemical and transport hot spots and moments. In addition to N, this review summarizes current knowledge for phosphorus, organic matter, pesticides, and mercury across riparian zones, identifies variables controlling the occurrence and magnitude of hot phenomena in riparian zones for these contaminants, and discusses the implications for riparian zone management of recognizing the importance of hot phenomena in annual solute budgets at the watershed scale. Examples are presented to show that biogeochemical process-driven hot spots and moments occur along the stream/riparian zone/upland interface for a wide variety of constituents. A basic understanding of the possible co-occurrence of hot spots and moments for a variety of contaminants in riparian systems will increase our understanding of the influence of riparian zones on water quality and guide management strategies to enhance nutrient or pollutant removal at the landscape scale.