影响上海PM2.5污染不同源地和路径的数值模拟

对2014~2017年上海出现的PM_2.5中度及以上污染过程的地面形势进行分析,发现上海出现PM_2.5中度及以上污染的地面形势场主要可分为输送型、静稳型和叠加型3种类型,其中输送型是影响上海市PM_2.5中度及以上污染的主要天气形势,占比45.8%.通过选取典型个例,分析了3类污染天气型气象成因和维持机制.并利用WRF驱动FLEXPART模式,结合排放源清单,探讨不同污染天气型下影响上海的主要污染物来源：输送型污染有3条影响上海的主要污染传输通道,分别为东路（东海海面）、中路（江苏沿海）和西路（安徽-苏南）,主要时段在污染前1d;静稳型污染影响上海的潜在污染源区集中在上海及周边地区;叠加型污染既存在明显污染输送通道,也有明显的上海及周边潜在污染贡献区域.     

哈尔滨市一次大气污染过程及潜在源分析

本研究以2018年12月10~13日哈尔滨市一次严重的空气污染事件为研究对象,分析了此次污染过程的概况、成因以及污染的潜在源区.结果表明：此次空气污染过程以PM_2.5影响为主,污染类型由10日00：00~11日17：00的偏燃煤型发展为11日17：00~13日15：00的二次气溶胶复合污染,最终在13日15：00后稳定为偏燃煤型.从天气形势和风速风向分析可知此次10~13日的污染过程与不利气象扩散条件也是密不可分的.模拟的48h后向轨迹经过聚类分析主要分为4类,大部分来自内蒙古、吉林等方向,70.83%的轨迹PM_2.5超标,表明来自这些方向的污染气团对哈尔滨市的空气质量影响较大;而通过对模拟的48h后向轨迹进行PSCF、CWT分析,发现哈尔滨的WPSCF和WCWT分布特征类似,WPSCF和WCWT的高值主要集中在哈尔滨本地的双城、巴彦、阿城、吉林省的中部、西部地区等地区,以及大庆、绥化等地区,说明这些区域都是哈尔滨市PM_2.5的潜在源地.     

帕米尔高原冰川流域碎屑颗粒的铀同位素组成及其对沉积物搬运的指示

铀(U)同位素作为一种新的地球化学示踪手段,被逐渐用于研究陆地和海洋沉积物的搬运过程。然而,这一新技术能否有效指示不同环境中各类沉积物的搬运还需更多流域数据的支持。本文选取位于帕米尔高原东北部具有显著海拔梯度和气候差异的盖孜河冰川流域作为研究对象,通过该流域河流沉积物细颗粒中的U同位素的活度比((~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR))的空间变化,探索U同位素指示内陆冰川流域沉积物搬运的可行性。流域内河流沉积物的矿物组成以石英和长石(占51%—77%)为主,表明较弱的风化作用。流域内受冰川侵蚀控制的上游山区支流康西瓦河和木吉河沉积物的(~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR)范围分别是0.990—1.017和0.988—1.009,盖孜河中下游段河流沉积物的(~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR)则为0.913—0.997。从上游山区至中下游段显示了一个明显的下降趋势,指示了沉积物搬运过程中(~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR)的确发生了系统的变化。然而,盖孜河流域碎屑颗粒比表面积和分形维数计算得到的反冲损失参数太低,未能利用U同位素破碎年龄模型获得合理的沉积物搬运时间,该模型如何用到冰川流域尚需更多的研究工作。     

Significant contribution of spring northwest transport to volatile organic compounds in Beijing

High values of ozone (O₃) occur frequently in the dry spring season; thus, understanding the evolution characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in spring is of great significance for preventing O₃ pollution. In this study, a total of 101 VOCs from April 16 to May 21, 2019, were quantified using an online gas chromatography mass spectrometer/flame ionization detector (GCMS/FID). The results indicated that the observed concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 30.4 ± 17.0 ppbv, and it was dominated by alkanes (44.3%), followed by oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) (17.4%), halocarbons (12.7%), aromatics (9.5%), alkenes (8.2%), acetylene (5.3%) and carbon disulfide (2.5%). The average mixing ratio of VOCs showed obvious diurnal variation (high at night, low during daytime). We conducted a source apportionment study based on 32 major VOCs using positive matrix factorization (PMF), and coal + biomass burning (25.2%), diesel exhaust (16.0%), gasoline exhaust + evaporation (17.4%), secondary + long-lived species (16.7%), biogenic sources (4.3%), industrial emissions (9.3%) and solvent use (11.2%) were identified as major sources of VOCs. In addition to local emissions, most of the atmospheric VOCs were derived from long-distance air masses (65.7%), and the average mixing ratio of VOCs in the northwest direction was 29.4 ppbv. Combined with the results of the potential source contribution function (PSCF) indicate that research should focus on the local emissions of combustion, transportation sources and solvents usage to control atmospheric VOCs. Additionally, transmission of the northwest air mass is an important component that cannot be ignored during spring in Beijing.     

User Perceptions and Attitudes on Sustainable Urban Transport among Young Adults: Findings from Copenhagen,Budapest and Karlsruhe

Abstract

This paper addresses the relevance of the demand side for the achievement of sustainable transport in urban areas. The underlying thesis is that a better understanding of user habits, perceptions and attitudes with its specific dynamics is essential for a successful design of targeted transport policies. In line with this, the paper at hand is based on research that aims at improving the knowledge of urban-transport-related habits and attitudes of young adults. The results of three interview meetings that were held in Karlsruhe, Budapest, and Copenhagen with participants aged between 20 and 30 are presented. Background of the interviews is a range of studies that indicate that young people in urban areas seem to be less interested in cars than the generation before. And indeed, the interview meetings reveal that participants had a rather pragmatic attitude towards transport modes. They wished a transport system that is flexible, convenient and cheap. Despite many differences, most participants showed rather positive attitudes towards policies supporting alternatives to car-based transport. However, it will be crucial for policy shaping to what extent the observed behaviour patterns and attitudes will persist over time.     

Modeling Biochemical Oxygen Demand Through the Middle and Lower Savannah River1

Abstract: In order to improve modeling accuracy and general understanding of lotic biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), this study characterized river metabolism with the current Georgia Environmental Protection Division method for the middle and lower Savannah River basin (MLSRB) and several alternative methods developed with 120‐day, long‐term biochemical oxygen demand (LTBOD) data from the MLSRB. The data were a subset of a larger two‐year LTBOD study to characterize and understand BOD in the MLSRB, located approximately between Augusta, Georgia, and Savannah, Georgia, along the border of Georgia and South Carolina. The LTBOD data included total oxygen loss and nitrogen speciation for separately quantifying nitrification. Results support the following insights and opportunities for modeling methods: (1) it is important to modeling accuracy that residuals be checked for even dispersion to avoid areas of over‐ and underprediction; (2) modeling with bounded, yet unfixed, rates is a sufficiently simple alternative to fixed‐rate modeling that can eliminate the need for manual adjustments and provide additional system understanding to inform regulation; (3) if fixed rates modeling is desired, model quality for this system might be improved through revising the current low rate (along with the associated f‐ratio updates) from 0.02/day rate to 0.006/day and potentially adding a new rate at 1.0/day in some cases; and (4) the current 57/43 ratio of slow/fast BOD is reasonable based on the 52/45/3 slow/fast/faster BOD proportions of this study.     

Lattice Boltzmann model for agrochemical transport in soils

Agrochemical transport in soils is complicated and involves physical, chemical and biochemical reactions; its mathematical modelling remains a challenging task. This paper presents a lattice Boltzmann model to simulate the agrochemical movement. The lattice Boltzmann model is a microscopic and process-based model, simulating the transport process by tracking chemical particles. The model presented in this paper is for one-dimensional vertical leaching and assumes that the chemical particles at the microscopic level move in five directions: one stagnant, two in vertical direction and two in an internal horizontal direction bounded by two reactive walls. Reactions at the walls are assumed to take place at two different rates, one in fast rate where the chemicals in the solution and on the wall are in an instant equilibrium, and the other in slow rate where the mass exchange rate between the chemicals in the solution and on the wall is a first-order kinetic. The reactions on both walls are assumed to occur instantly when the chemical particles moving in the internal direction hit the walls. To test the model, we measured the leaching of atrazine through soil columns in the laboratory. The results simulated with the lattice Boltzmann model are compared with the measured breakthrough curves and the non-equilibrium two-site convection-dispersion model; they all show close agreement. The transport parameters needed in the models are obtained from the measurement of adsorption isotherm of atrazine, bromide leaching in the same soil columns and calibration.     

EVALUATING THE INFLUENCE OF SOURCE BASINS ON DOWNSTREAM WATER QUALITY IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER1

ABSTRACT: Chemical variability in the Mississippi River during water years 1989 to 1998 was evaluated using stream discharge and water‐quality data in conjunction with the DAFLOW/BLTM hydraulic model. Model simulations were used to identify subbasin contributions of water and chemical constituents to the Mississippi River upstream from its confluence with the Ohio and the Mississippi River and at the Atchafalaya Diversion in Louisiana. Concentrations of dissolved solids, sodium, and sulfate at the Thebes site showed a general decreasing trend, and concentrations of silica and nitrate showed a general increasing trend as the percentage of discharge from the Mississippi River upstream from Grafton increased. Concentrations of most chemical constituents in the Mississippi River at the Atchafalaya Diversion exhibited a decreasing trend as the percentage of water from the Ohio River increased. Regression models were used to evaluate the importance of the source of water to the water chemistry in the Mississippi River at Thebes and the Atchafalaya Diversion. The addition of terms in regression equations to account for the percent of water from sub‐basins improved coefficients of determination for predicting chemical concentrations by as much as nine percent at the Thebes site and by as much as 48 percent at the Atchafalaya Diversion site. The addition of source‐water terms to regression equations increased the estimated annual loads of nitrate and silica delivered from the Mississippi River Basin to the Gulf of Mexico by as much as 14 and 13 percent, respectively.     

长江水能资源开发中水库泥沙问题的探讨

长江水能资源规划开发段,从虎跳峡至葛洲坝诸梯级泥沙周转量5740×10~8t·km/a,水能蕴藏量5940×10~8kw·h/a,其中发电用水能约占2/3。长江各水库的库容,无论是与年径流量还是与年输沙量相比,大都不大。水库泥沙淤积问题,可通过多种途径解决。99%的悬移质泥沙可利用长江动力输送。合理利用水库,输沙单位能耗约为0.48-0.10kW·h/t·km,从上往下减少。卵石和部分粗沙由机械采运和水库拦截。要重视水土保持。