沉积物和生物样品铜,铅测定的质量控制

通过测定方法选择，基础实验，空白值测定，精密和准确度控制有效地控制测定过程，保证测定数据准确，可靠，可比。     

Transformation of Particle-Bound Phosphorus at the Land–Sea Interface in a Danish Estuary

Danish rivers carry >50% of the phosphorus (P) transport as particulate P (PP). In five of six rivers sampled in November 1998 iron-bound P made up > 59% of PP and loosely adsorbed P ranged between 2% and 13%. This fraction could potentially be released in 14‰ seawater. The behaviour of dissolved and particulate P fractions was studied during seven month in a 2 km long estuary with low freshwater retention time and low tidal range. The river carried ∼10% of PP as loosely adsorbed P but increased concentrations of dissolved inorganic P (DIP) relative to the estuarine mixing line was only observed in the summer month with low freshwater flow and was more likely due to DIP release from the bottom sediment. Instead estuarine particles were always enriched with oxidized iron (ox.Fe) and iron-bound P as well as loosely adsorbed P and during May–September this coincided with increasing concentration of PP in estuary. We suggest that flocculation of ox.Fe and adsorption of DIP onto the particles with subsequent transport seawards is a major loss process for P during the summer month. During winter month where 85% of the run-off occurs the dominant process in the estuary is sedimentation of larger particles, however, a comparison of river particles with surface sediment clearly reveals that most PP is mobilized again from the bottom sediments.     

海港工程悬浮泥沙对大连湾底质的影响

2003年9月大连湾和尚岛建港施工中产生大量悬浮泥沙,致使其附近筏养扇贝死亡.2004年我们对该工程附近海域养殖环境进行专项调查研究.本文通过40个站位样品分析实测资料对比,阐述了海湾沉积物类型的分布和变化状况,并通过聚类群分析对沉积物性态进行归类,划分了四个区(流塑浮泥区,软塑一流塑砂粘土区,软塑含砾粘土砂区,松散砂砾堆积区),其中流塑浮泥区为工程悬浮泥沙对海域底质影响区,其面积4～5 km2,文章最后对工程悬浮泥沙问题进行讨论.     

DEM格网尺度对AnnAGNPS预测山地小流域径流和物质输出的影响

为了解流域地形空间参数和其它参数的精度对农业非点源污染模型AnnAGNPS预测准确性的影响,利用三峡库区黑河小流域观测资料校准了AnnAGNPS模型,分析了1.5-12.5m格网尺度DEM对地形参数和模型负载输出的影响.结果表明,1.5～12.5m格网尺度DEM对流域径流量、洪峰流量、总N输出影响不显著,但对泥沙、总P、有机碳输出影响显著.三峡库区类似小流域宜采用5m格网尺度DEM,AnnAGNPS模型较不适合于尺度较小、坡度较大的小流域泥沙负载预测.     

pH和盐度对海河干流表层沉积物吸附解吸磷(P)的影响

采用等温吸附解吸方法,研究大范围pH（2~12）和盐度（2‰~32‰）对海河表层沉积物吸附解吸磷的影响,并与分级提取技术得到的海河沉积物中磷形态分布相结合,进一步探讨磷在沉积物-水界面的迁移转化机理.结果表明,钙磷（Ca-P）和难溶态磷（Re-P）为海河表层沉积物磷的主要形态.沉积物对磷的吸附符合修正的Langmuir吸附等温线(R2>0.90).海河沉积物（8个典型断面）对磷的理论吸附量较大,说明在今后上覆水含磷浓度较高的情况下,沉积物仍能吸附大量的磷污染物.在海河水磷污染较轻的情况下,沉积物中的磷将释放并导致水体发生富营养化.pH对磷的吸附影响呈“U”型,且随着pH增大,磷的解吸量也增大,这是由于OH-交换能力的增强所致;盐度增大,沉积物对磷的吸附总体呈下降趋势,但在10‰~15‰之间有反复,并且随着盐度增大,磷的解吸量也下降.     

Potential toxic risk of heavy metals from sediment of the Pearl River in South China

Based on the monitoring of five heavy metal elements in the surface sediments of the Pearl River in South China, potential toxicity of the heavy metals was assessed using consensus-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) method and geo-accumulation (I_geo) index method. The monitoring results showed the heavy metal concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with each other, demonstrating a common trend in variation of concentration in the surface sediments. The assessment using the consensus-based SQGs method showed the potential toxicity of Cu was the highest, and Cd was the lowest. The evaluation based on mean probable effect concentration (PEC) quotient showed the region was seriously polluted with high toxicity heavy metals. Correlation analysis revealed a significant and positive correlation between the mean PEC quotient and the average of I_geo with a correlation coefficient of 0.926 (n = 23, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the consensus-based SQGs and mean PEC quotient are applicable to assess potential toxicity risks of heavy metals in freshwater sediments in the Pearl River.     

浙北下渚湖湿地上覆水-底泥界面磷素特征与水质响应研究

健康湿地是面源污染生态修复的有效途径.以浙北下渚湖湿地为研究对象,同步开展上覆水及底泥磷素野外调查;模拟湿地枯水季节设计微型静态湿地水柱试验,揭示上覆水-底泥界面磷素交换规律、磷库特征及其潜在水质响应机制.结果表明,下渚湖湿地底泥总磷(TP)含量范围为0.187～0.591 mg·g^-1,属于中度富磷;全年水体TP浓度为0.022～0.718 mg·L^-1;水体磷素,即TP、溶解性磷(DP)及颗粒磷(PP)浓度大小的季节性特征为冬季>夏季>春季>秋季.在上覆水磷素浓度梯度(0.0～10.5 mg·L^-1)胁迫下,微型静态湿地水柱模拟表明,湿地底泥吸附上覆水磷素依次呈现缓冲吸附过程、快速吸附过程、及慢速吸附过程等3个特征性过程.在上覆水DP为1.0 mg·L^-1的胁迫下,枯水季节湿地底泥磷库增量分配代表性比例分别为:弱结合态磷0.0%、铁/锰结合态磷(Fe-P)19.9%、碱可提取磷66.3%［其中铝结合态磷(Al-P)58.0%;碱可提取有机磷(OPAlk)8.3%］、钙结合态磷(Ca-P)1.9%及闭蓄态磷(Res-P)11.3%.在枯水期可以通过补充铝盐的技术手段增加下渚湖湿地底泥对水体磷素的净化容量.     

DDTs在海河干流市区段沉积物/水间迁移行为研究

于2007年8月~2008年3月对海河干流表层水和沉积物中滴滴涕(DDTs)污染状况进行了采样调查.结果表明,海河干流水体DDTs含量为6.88~78.82 ng/L(均值28.54 ng/L),表层沉积物中DDTs含量为5.82~45.5 ng/g(均值21.55 ng/g),表层水和表层沉积物中DDTs主要成分分别为p,p-′DDT和p,p-′DDE.利用稳态非平衡逸度模型计算了p,p-′DDT在海河干流沉积物/水间迁移和分布,模型结果用现场实测浓度进行验证,计算值与实测值吻合很好.模型参数灵敏度分析进一步表明,生物降解速率常数、污染物在悬浮颗粒物/水间分配系数以及水体颗粒物沉降通量是影响p,p-′DDT在沉积物/水间迁移过程的主要因素.     

三江平原多级沟渠系统沉积物中铁的分布特征

以三江平原典型多级沟渠系统(毛渠-农渠-斗渠-支渠-干渠)为对象,研究了其0～60 cm沉积物全铁含量的空间分布特征.结果表明,多级沟渠系统中沉积物的平均铁含量为(3.02±0.10)×104 mg·kg-1,各类型、各等级的沉积物铁含量具有极显著差异(F=6.261,p<0.001),最高值出现在农田斗渠(3.71×104 mg·kg-1)中,而最低值出现在湿地斗渠(2.43×104 mg·kg-1)中.整个多级沟渠系统沉积物各层的铁含量没有显著性差异(F=0.093,p=0.693),但与沟渠相邻湿地同深度土层的铁含量相比,沟渠沉积物0～10 cm层、10～20 cm层分别增加了51.96%、62.22%.铁虽然具有一定的可迁移性,其最大累积处仅能延伸到第三等级的斗渠中,而非逐级递增.由于湿地保护和气候干热化,现阶段本区含铁径流量有逐渐减少的趋势.沉积物各层铁含量沿沟渠类型和等级的递变揭示了铁输移的历史变迁.     

近地表土壤水分条件对坡面农业非点源污染物运移的影响

采用人工模拟降雨实验,研究了近地表土壤水分条件,尤其是土壤水分饱和条件对土壤侵蚀过程中农业非点源污染物运移的影响.结果表明,前期近地表土壤水分条件对土壤侵蚀过程中农业非点源污染物的迁移有着很大影响.饱和含水量时径流及泥沙中非点源污染物的流失浓度和流失量大于非饱和含水量,且前期近地表土壤含水量越大,径流及泥沙中农业非点源污染物的流失浓度和流失量越大.土壤氮素的主要流失途径是降雨所产生的径流,约占总流失量的90.4%～99.8%;土壤磷素的流失途径是降雨径流和侵蚀产沙,分别占总流失量的2.67%～23.5%和76.5%～97.3%.同时,土壤质地对磷素养分的流失有很大影响,杨凌土随泥沙流失的DP浓度和流失量均大于安塞黄绵土.最后,提出了采取最佳管理措施等控制农业非点源污染的针对性建议.