香烟烟雾水溶液对小草鱼急性毒性试验的研究

用毒理学方法测定香烟烟雾水溶液(water-soluble contents of cigarette smoke,WSCCS)对小草鱼的TLM24,用TLM24的WSCCS对小草鱼进行急性毒性试验并观察鳃丝组织切片,了解WSCCS对小草鱼的急性毒性作用。结果表明,香烟烟雾水溶液对小草鱼有较强的急性毒性作用,WSCCS对小草鱼的半致死浓度为0.4支/L。急性中毒小草鱼出现跳跃、侧翻、反应迟钝、丧失平衡力及死亡的现象,鳃丝排列不规则,发生弯曲。     

北京市大气污染动态变化的树木年轮分析

利用从香山、颐和园公园所取得的油松年轮中提取的年轮宽度和年轮木质部中化学元素含量变化的信息 ,主要分析了油松年轮中化学元素含量随时间变化的特点 ,结合北京市社会经济分析 ,揭示了元素含量变化的成因 ,并恢复了北京市近两百年大气污染的历史。     

Local self-determination,process-focus and subordination of environmental concerns

Globalization and region enlargement has increased the emphasis of local authorities on being competitive for inward investment and taxpayers. This can lead to a subordination of environmental concerns. In order to secure environmental and other national interests, planning and regulation at supra-local level is required, especially if the local authorities have different motivations and goals from the central government. The central government policy guidelines of the Norwegian planning system and the possibility for regional state authorities to make objections are an apparatus to protect national interests in planning. However, there has been a significant change in the central government’s practice when deciding on objections by regional state authorities against municipal plans since the new right-wing Norwegian government came into power. The losers from the changed practice are the environmental interests, widely defined. The new government’s prioritization of local self-determination and planning processes rather than contents resonates with key features of neoliberalism, but also with important elements of communicative planning theory.     

Water quality in the Tibetan Plateau: metal contents of four selected rivers

The water used by 85% of the Asian population originates in Tibetan Plateau. During April and May of 2006, water samples were collected from four major Asian rivers in the Plateau (i.e. the Salween, Mekong, Yangtze River and Yarlung Tsangpo) and analyzed for Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Mo, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Li, Mn, Al, Fe, Mg and Hg. The results showed that elements such as Mg were rather high in Tibetan rivers, giving a mean electrical conductance of 36 mS/m. In a few locations, the results also showed relatively high concentrations of Al and Fe (>1 mg/L). However, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, and Cr were generally low. Contamination with Pb was identified at a few locations in the Salween and Ni at a few sites in the Yangtze River.     

Interaction of DNA with aromatic hydrocarbons fraction in atmospheric particulates of Xigu District of Lanzhou, China

Voluminously epidemiological studies show that the relationships exist between the air pollution and human health and cancer. Aromatic hydrocarbons(AHs)in air form a large class of organic pollutants,which are widely in environment and many of them are known to be carcinogenic and/or mutagenic and contribute to ambient air pollution.In the past decades,bioassays mainly have been used to evaluate the toxicity of chemical mixtures in atmospheric particulates or aqueous environment.However,it is well known that the covalent complexes formed by carcinogens with DNA may be exert negative results in bioassay.So the main aim of this paper is to develop an evaluation method of toxicity effects of chemical mixtures in atmospheric particulates from chemical standpoint.In this study,the in vitro interaction of the AHs with DNA was investigated by absorption,fluorescence and resonance light scattering (RLS)spectroscopic techniques.The results showed that the AHs in the atmospheric particulates could combine with calf thymus DNA(ctDNA)and herring sperm DNA(hsDNA)without being activated or metabolized by organism,respectively.Intercalation may be present in the mechanism of interaction.The binding constants of the AHs with ctDNA and hsDNA were 2.5×10~2 and 2.0×10~3, respectively,which indicated that the interaction of the AHs with hsDNA is stronger than that with ctDNA.In addition,the relationships of dose-effect between the total mole concentration of chemical components and the ability of binding ctDNA and hsDNA were confirmed.This research made it possible to study the toxicity effects of chemical mixtures in atmospheric particulates by chemical method.It is believed that the composition and contents of unknown AHs and the interaction of DNA with AHs in atmospheric particulates of Xigu District of Lanzhou City,China are first reported in the past twenty years.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

经济全球化下环境审计内容的探讨

本文论述了经济全球化下环境审计的主要内客,介绍了目前我国开展环境审计的基本方面和国际上对环境审计内容的阐述,并指出了经济全球化下开展环境审计的重要性和必要性。     

基于生态理念的旅游用地规划内容研究

旅游用地是土地的一种利用形式,是发展旅游业的物质基础。随着旅游业的不断发展,开发和保护的矛盾越来越成为旅游地发展旅游较为突出的矛盾。目前国内旅游业在快速发展的同时。给旅游用地内的生态环境带来了沉重的压力,资源环境破坏的现象普遍存在。在这样的背景下,以生态学、旅游学、土地学、可持续发展理论等相关理论为指导,遵循生态学的相关规律,结合土地利用规划的内容,探讨旅游用地的规划内容对于保证旅游业的可持续发展是必要的。     

洪泛区湿地土壤-植物系统氮含量与气候因子灰色关联分析

文章以二百方子洪泛区湿地为例,运用灰色关联分析方法探讨了洪泛区温地土壤一植物系统氮含量变化与气候因子之间的关系。结果表明,二百方子湿地土壤氮素含量与月平均风速、月日照时数和月蒸发量的关联性较密切;芦苇地上部分氮素含量与月日照时数、月蒸发量和月平均风速关联较密切,而芦苇地下部分氮含量则与月平均降水量、月蒸发量和月平均气温关联较密切。     

长株潭地区土壤Cd和Pb固液分配特征与环境风险

区域尺度上土壤重金属下渗迁移的环境风险存在较大空间变异性.以长株潭城市及其周边土壤为对象,研究了不同土地利用类型,土壤Cd和Pb有效态含量和固液分配系数(K_d)的分布特征及其影响因素,并基于CaCl₂(固液比为1∶0.5)测定的K_d揭示了研究区土壤重金属下渗迁移的环境风险.结果表明,研究区土壤Cd和Pb有效态含量大小呈现出：自然林地>郊区农田>城市绿地>工业区绿地.土壤Cd的K_d均值为449.79 L·kg^-1,Pb的K_d均值为27 604.07 L·kg^-1,说明土壤Cd迁移性显著高于Pb.林地土壤重金属的K_d显著低于其它3种土地利用类型土壤.土壤Cd和Pb的K_d主要受土壤pH和重金属总量的影响.在此基础上,引入CaCl₂(固液比为1∶10)测定的重金属有效态含量作为因变量,构建的多元回归模型可以较好地预测土壤Cd和Pb的K_d,...