DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE SCALE GRIDDED RIVER NETWORKS FROM VECTOR STREAM DATA1

ABSTRACT: The Network Tracing Method (NTM) has been developed to determine gridded coarse river networks for modeling large hydrologic systems. For a coarse resolution grid, the NTM determines the downstream cell of each cell and the distance along the actual meandering flow paths between them. Unlike previously developed methods, the NTM uses fine resolution vector river networks as the source of information of the flow patterns rather than digital elevation models. The main advantage of using vector river networks as input is that they capture the hydrologic terrain features better than topographic data do, particularly in areas of low topographic relief. The NTM was applied to South America with a grid resolution of 1 degree by 1 degree and to the globe with a resolution of 2.815 degrees by 2.8125 degrees. Overall, the method captured the flow patterns well. Generated digital river networks and drainage divides showed minor disagreement with those obtained from existing maps, and most of them were consistent with the resolution of the coarse river network. The majority of estimated basin areas were also close to documented values. River lengths calculated with the NTM, however, were consistently underpredicted.     

典型耐候钢在江津大气环境中暴晒1 a的腐蚀行为

目的 研究3种典型耐候钢在江津大气环境中暴晒1 a的初期腐蚀行为。方法 采用户外大气挂片、腐蚀质量损失、SEM、XRD、电化学等方法,研究Q355NH、Q460FRW、Q690的腐蚀速率、锈层形貌、锈层物相和锈层电阻,并与Q345碳钢进行对比。结果 耐候钢和碳钢在大气暴晒初期的腐蚀规律是一致的,Q355NH、Q460FRW、Q690和Q345碳钢的腐蚀速率分别为0.050 9、0.053 6、0.047 8、0.055 mm/a,Q690的腐蚀速率最小,约为碳钢的87%。耐候钢和碳钢的锈层都主要由α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH和Fe₂O₃组成,耐候钢的锈层更致密,裂纹更少。Q355NH、Q460FRW、Q690的锈层电阻值分别为821.3、1 005、1 080?·cm²,碳钢为101.68?·cm²,耐候钢的锈层电阻值约为碳钢的10倍。Cr和Cu元素在耐候钢的锈层中富集明显。结论 耐候钢的腐蚀速率低于碳钢,3种耐候钢的耐蚀性顺序为Q690>Q355NH>Q460FRW。Cr和Cu元素在...     

硫酸参与喀斯特流域(北盘江)风化过程的碳同位素证据

在碳酸盐岩地区,流域侵蚀过程中硫酸是否参与,对于我们正确理解流域化学风化速率,以及流域侵蚀对大气CO2的消耗和全球碳循环等都有重要的意义。本工作在前期工作(乌江)的基础上,对贵州喀斯特地区的河流(北盘江)和支流的水化学特征以及水体溶解无机碳同位素组成进行了初步研究,研究结果证实硫酸参与了该喀斯特流域岩石/土壤化学风化过程。     

Effect of Accelerated Weathering on Biocomposites Processed by SMC and Compression Molding

The durability of biocomposites utilized for building components has been a subject of recent concern and questioning. To address these concerns, the long-term effects of weathering on biocomposites used as building components were evaluated using an accelerated weatherometer. The biocomposite samples were processed by sheet molding compounding (SMC) panel processing and/or compression molding. The accelerated weatherometer served to expose the samples to ultraviolet radiation (UV), condensation, and water spray at levels pertinent to actual conditions: 48 cycles of UV (340 nm) treatment at 60 °C for 2.5 h was followed by water spray for 0.5 h, and then condensation at 45 °C for 24 h. Twelve cycles were repeated in each test, and the total duration for the complete test was 2016 h. Measurements for color, surface roughness test weight change, and dynamical mechanical analysis were taken at regular intervals of time. It was found that the surface roughness increased, as the color changed, and storage modulus decreased with increases in the exposure time of the samples to accelerated weathering conditions, compared to their properties at the beginning of the test.     

安全煤岩柱性能研究及综合评价

在对里彦煤矿采矿地质条件分析的基础上,对安全煤岩柱的化学成分及其阻水性能、岩性及力学特征进行了研究.针对里彦煤矿的具体情况,分析了里彦安全煤岩柱的阻水性能,认为其阻水性能良好,可以适当减小防水防砂煤岩柱宽度,以提高开采上限,释放部分煤炭储量.     

伪装涂料抗老化技术研究

从理论上分析了涂料的老化机理．介绍了伪装涂料抗老化技术的研究现状及高耐候性伪装涂料的最新进展,指出了伪装涂料抗老化技术的发展趋势。     

土壤酸沉降缓冲机制的探讨

选取南方主要酸沉降区土壤作模拟酸雨淋溶实验,分析在酸雨作用下各土壤盐基离子的淋溶特性,硅、铝元素的释放规律及淋出液的 pH值变化特点。在此基础上,对土壤酸沉降的缓冲机制进行了探讨。      

雅鲁藏布江水化学演变规律

为探究1973～2020年雅鲁藏布江流域水化学演变规律,利用Piper图、 Gibbs图、离子比值和相关性分析研究水化学特征及离子来源,并采用钠吸附比(SAR)、钠百分比(Na⁺%)和渗透性指数(PI)评价雅江河水的灌溉适用性.结果表明,TDS均值为(208.30±58.26)mg·L^-1,随时间呈增加趋势;Ca²⁺是优势阳离子,占阳离子总量的(65.49±7.67)%,HCO^-₃和SO■是优势阴离子,分别占主要阴离子的(68.56±9.84)%和(26.85±9.82)%; Ca²⁺、 HCO^-₃和SO■的年代增幅率分别为2.07、 3.19和4.70 mg·(L·10 a)^-1;雅江水化学类型是HCO₃-Ca型,主要离子化学受碳酸盐岩化学风化控制,1973～1990年碳酸盐岩风化主要受碳酸作用,而2001～2020年间主要受碳酸和硫酸共同作用;雅江干流河水的主要离子...     

海洋大气环境中含稀土耐候钢暴露1年的耐蚀性能研究

目的研究普通耐候钢和含稀土耐候钢(Cu-P-RE钢)的耐蚀性能。方法通过腐蚀速率测试、电子探针、金相制作等技术手段探讨稀土对耐候钢耐蚀性能的影响。结果在耐候钢中加入稀土后,含稀土耐候钢比普通耐候钢的锈层更加连续致密、裂纹孔洞数量减少。结论含稀土锈层对腐蚀介质的物理阻挡作用相应改善,可有效抑制腐蚀介质对钢基体的进一步腐蚀,对基体的保护能力增强。稀土元素的存在有利于降低耐候钢在青岛海洋大气环境下的腐蚀速率,改善耐候钢的耐大气腐蚀性能。     

西藏拉萨河流域河水主要离子化学特征及来源

为掌握拉萨河流域水化学的时空变化特征、来源以及主要控制因子,于2014年8月~2015年7月在拉萨河拉萨水文站断面定点采集水样,并对其主要的化学离子进行分析.结果表明:HCO_3~-是主要的阴离子,占离子总量的68.73%,SO_4~(2-)含量其次,Ca~(2+)是主要的阳离子,占离子总量的67.75%,其次为Mg~(2+),拉萨河流域四季的pH值介于8.31~8.90,平均值为8.59,整体偏碱性,其中夏季的pH平均值最高,主要是因为水生植物光合作用以及浮游植物生长的影响.EC值介于155.0~257.0μS·cm-1之间,平均值为210.5μS·cm-1,TDS均值为181.35 mg·L-1,高于世界河流平均值.这是因为高原构造抬升活动频繁,造成岩石机械风化加强,从而加速岩石溶解.拉萨河流域的主要离子浓度大小表现为冬季春季秋季夏季的变化规律.离子来源分析表明,HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)主要来源于碳酸盐岩的风化,Cl-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-离子主要来源于大气和岩石风化.此外,由于降雨和冰川融水的稀释作用,河流中的主要离子浓度与河流径流量呈现负相关的关系.