Design of a system for real-time modelling of the dispersion of hazardous gas releases in industrial plants 2. Accidental releases from storage installations

This paper is the second part of a research programme concerning the modelling capabilities of accidental releases of heavier-than-air toxic gases. The existing theory, which includes the strength of the source and the subsequent development of the released cloud under representative environmental conditions, is described. Comparison of the ZZB-2 system predictions with field data from the Desert Tortoise and Lyme Bay V, ammonia and chlorine releases, shows excellent agreement at distances between ≈ 200 m and a few kilometres from the source. The correlation between observed and predicted cloud concentrations, was in all cases significant at a confidence level better than 95%.     

不同喷射方式细水雾灭火效果的试验

细水雾的喷射方式对其灭火效果存在一定的影响。利用时间继电器控制细水雾灭火系统的启停,开展了连续式和脉冲式两种喷射方式的细水雾对开门与关门两种通风条件下不同燃料油池火分别进行抑制的试验研究。结果表明:在试验条件下,对于开门状态下连续式细水雾难以扑灭的汽油池火,脉冲式细水雾能显著提高灭火效果;对于连续式细水雾容易扑灭的柴油池火及关门状态下的汽油池火,脉冲式细水雾不能提高灭火效果,且灭火时间和用水量均有所增加;对于细水雾难以扑灭的酒精池火,连续式细水雾和脉冲式细水雾均未有效扑灭火焰。     

共固定化菌藻对市政污水中氮磷去除的研究

以PVA为主要包埋材料,将活性污泥和蛋白核小球藻共固定化,用气升式反应器连续处理模拟生活污水,结果表明:共固定化菌藻共生系统适于处理高有机负荷、低氮磷浓度的市政污水,NH+4-N的最高去除率可接近100%,P的最高去除率可达到93.6%。24h无光照对NH+4-N、P的去除没有影响,但缺少光照多于36h则影响较大。     

人与自然关系的历史透视与战略选择

论述了人与自然的关系及人化自然发展的不同水平的历史渐进过程，分析了目前制约人与自然协调发展的主要因素，提出为保持人与自然的协调发展，必须牢固树立和认真落实科学发展观，依靠法律手段和科学技术手段来控制人类的活动，以实现人与自然的协调。     

Influence of Inversion Layers on the Distribution of Air Pollutants in Urban Areas

The air quality in urban areas is on the one hand determined by the intensity of emissions. On the other hand atmospheric dispersion and chemical transformation conditions as well as topographic location have great influence on the ambient air concentrations. Within, this study the correlation between pollutant concentrations and the dynamics of atmospheric barrier and mixing layers has been experimentally investigated by tethered balloon soundings.The most important barrier layer is the surface inversion. During clear sky it develops in the late afternoon and is dissolved by warm air from the heated ground in the morning. Emitted pollutants are kept beneath this inversion. But, at the same time, the component ozone is depleted below and stored above the layer within the so called `ozone reservoir layer'. During night elevated mountain sites are decoupled from the ground conditions and stay within this reservoir without a remarkable nocturnal decrease of ozone concentration. The regularly observed ground level ozone increase in the morning hours is firstly caused by down mixing from the reservoir. The conditions and dynamics are illustratively depicted by vertical profiles of the different components and diagrams of temperature and concentration isopleths over the height and the experiment time lasting over five days.     

Water Environmental Degradation of the Source Area of the Yellow River on Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

1 INTRODUCTION Environmental changes caused by mankind's exploitation and regional climate changes have long been a severe problem in the world, especially in the arid and semiarid areas because of their ecosystems' vulnerability (Chen & Qu, 1992; Wang & Cheng, 1999; Liu et al., 1999). During the last half-century, especially the last 30 years, drastic environmental changes have occurred owing to exploitation and development, which have invoked society's concerns. In the Qinghai-Tibet …     

无人值守AA3连续流动仪测定水和废水中氨氮研究

采用无人值守连续流动分析法对地表水和废水中氨氮进行检测,该方法在0.00~10.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.015 mg/L,相对标准偏差为0.6%~1.4%,实际样品加标回收率为95.0%~105%,精密度和准确度均满足地表水和废水中氨氮测定的要求,有较好的应用推广价值.无人值守连续流动分析法相对于传统的手工方法具有明显的优势:在线蒸馏装置可以完成对水中氨氮的蒸馏提取;节省时间,即使在夜间也能自动工作,分析完成样品后自动清洗管路并关机;试剂使用量少,降低了对环境和分析人员的危害.     

硫酸盐还原菌去除流动废水中锑的研究

硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)通过代谢作用将废水中的SO_4~(2-)还原为H_2S,H_2S将Sb(Ⅴ)还原为Sb(Ⅲ),Sb(Ⅲ)再与多余的H_2S反应生成硫化锑沉淀,从而达到去除废水中锑的目的。本实验研究SRB在连续流动状态下对废水中锑的去除情况。在含锑废水处理过程中,加入活性炭形成生物膜,水力停留时间控制在33h,并通过测定物理化学变量p H、Eh、OD、SO_4~(2-)、H_2S、HCO_3~-、Sb(V)和Sb(Ⅲ)随时间的变化来确定去除效果。结果表明,在连续流动状态下,SRB可以较好的去除废水中的锑,且10 d后含锑废水的去除率达到95.2%。     

黄河上游灌区连作稻田N2O排放特征及影响因素

黄河上游灌区高产连作稻田氮肥的过量施用引起土壤氮素盈余,进而导致稻田N2O排放量增大.为了探明水稻连作模式下稻田N2O排放特征及影响因素,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,开展了为期2年的连作水稻田试验研究.试验共设置3个施氮处理,包括常规氮肥300kg.hm-2(N300)、优化氮肥240kg.hm-2(N240)和对照不施氮肥(N0),并在稻田连作的第2年,对N240处理灌溉节水30%.2年连作试验结果表明,水稻生长季稻田N2O排放主要发生在水稻施基肥后及水稻生长的中后期,在稻田灌水泡田后N2O排放速率达最大值.稻田高氮肥(300kg.hm-2)施用显著增加N2O的排放量,优化氮肥(240kg.hm-2)处理可有效降低土壤N2O排放量(p<0.01).水稻生长季稻田淹水状态时N2O排放量极低,稻田灌溉节水会相应增加土壤N2O排放量.土壤温度变化对稻田N2O的生成和排放会产生较大影响,但受稻田肥水管理等因素的影响,温度与N2O排放量相关性不显著.灌区稻田土壤N2O排放通量与田面水NO3--N含量变化及耕层0～40cm土壤NO3--N积累量变化有显著的相关性.稻田连作显著增加了耕层土壤剖面0～40cm土层NO3--N的积累量,耕层土壤NO3--N积累量的增加进而加大了土壤N2O排放的风险.在宁夏黄灌区稻田常规灌水和高氮肥(300kg.hm-2)水平下,2年连作稻田水稻生长季土壤N2O总排放量分别达55.98×104kg.a-1和51.48×104kg.a-1,在100a时间尺度上的全球增温潜势(GWPs)均值为16.02×107kg.hm-2(以CO2计),表明黄灌上游灌区高氮肥施用导致稻田N2O排放量增大,由此引起的增温潜势严重.     

长江口及邻近海域有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的光学特性

CDOM吸收特性是河口海岸水色遥感的重要研究内容.利用2008年8月和2009年5月两航次的测量数据,对长江口及其周边海域CDOM的光学特性和混合行为进行研究.2008年航次中CDOM吸收系数ag(440)范围是:0.20～0.73m-1,2009年其范围是:0.20～0.77m-1.幂函数模型模拟CDOM吸收光谱的精度比指数模型的更高,更适于拟合CDOM吸收光谱.幂函数模型计算结果显示,黄色物质光谱斜率变动范围在2008年航次中介于5.10～7.90之间,在2009年航次介于2.95～6.11之间.2个航次的CDOM吸收系数最大值都出现在最大浑浊带内.CDOM吸收系数和光谱斜率值在河口内外差异明显,最主要的原因是受到最大浑浊带的影响.在河口区域,河口水层垂向混合过程显著时CDOM趋于空间均匀分布,但是在其他时刻基本遵循保守混合过程,受河口区域水体交换频繁的影响,光谱斜率值Sg2与ag(440)之间不存在显著相关关系.在口外海域,CDOM浓度除了受到陆源输入影响以外还受现场生产的影响,Sg2与ag(440)之间存在显著负相关关系.由此可见在长江口复杂物理化学和水文环境影响下,黄色物质的光学特性和混合行为在河口内外有非常巨大的差异.