1960—2019年秦岭气候带界限的变化研究

受全球变化的影响,温度带边界在空间上的变化呈现出向高纬度方向显著移动的趋势,其中亚热带区空间分布对全球变暖的响应较为敏感,对其边界空间变化特征的研究对于认识全球变化对自然景观的潜在影响具有重要科学意义。基于秦岭及其周边74个气象站点1960—2019年日均气温数据,选取保证率80%的日均温≥10 ℃持续日220天等值线和1月0 ℃等温线为北亚热带北界指标,探讨了近60年气候变暖背景下秦岭气候带界限的变化趋势。研究表明：（1）1960—2019年秦岭日均温≥10 ℃持续日呈显著上升趋势,其变化率为3.268 d/10 a;秦岭1月平均气温呈弱显著上升趋势,其变化率为0.179 ℃/10 a。（2）60年来秦岭北亚热带北界发生了明显的抬升,平均抬升高度约为228.89 m;从经度上看,中段106°~111°E范围内北亚热带北界的变化最为强烈,60年来上升高度达308.81 m,明显高于东西北三段（东段上升165.69 m,西段上升243.33 m,北段上升267.01 m）。（3）60年来秦岭北亚热带过渡带出现了明显的攀升,且向北移动;秦岭以北“跨越式”地出现北亚热带气候格局。气温突变后,秦岭北亚热带过渡带形成从秦岭南坡延伸到秦岭东部,并向北推进向西进入关中平原的格局,秦岭南坡作为北亚热带和暖温带的分界作用有所减弱。随着气候的变暖,秦岭北亚热带过渡带可能部分或整体转变为北亚热带,北亚热带将从秦岭南坡到秦岭北坡呈连续带状分布,北亚热带北界可能会跨越秦岭山脉。     

基于SPAMS探究南京市秋季大气中含草酸重金属颗粒的混合状态

草酸是大气环境中重要的二羧酸,可以与多种非吸湿性的多价金属形成草酸-金属络合物,并对生物健康和大气环境产生重要的影响. 众所周知,光化学反应可以促进草酸的形成. 然而,考虑到草酸与重金属（Heavy Metals, HMs）潜在的络合反应,草酸与HMs颗粒的混合态目前尚不完全清楚. 本研究利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪对南京市大气中含有草酸的HMs （Fe、Cu、Pb、Zn） 的粒径和化学组成进行了分析. 结果表明,与采样期间获得的整体颗粒相比（17.16%）,HMs中草酸的数分数（Number fractions, Nfs）更高（29.88%）. 草酸在各类HMs中的Nfs值分别为20.84% （Fe）、45.59% （Cu）、37.16% （Pb）、36.51% （Zn）. 此外,草酸与Cu （ r = 0.53 ）、Pb （ r = 0.55 ）和Zn （ r = 0.79 ）之间存在良好的相关性,这可能归因于它们在环境中可以形成草酸-重金属配合物. 值得注意的是,Fe与草酸在白天（r = 0.29）和夜间（r = 0.71）的相关性差异明显,这可能是因为Fe-草酸配合物在白天发生光解和Fe驱动的Fenton反应有关. 此外,气溶胶酸度（Relative acidity, Ra）和相对湿度（Relative humidity, RH）对形成草酸-重金属配合物也有影响. Ra的增强可能抑制草酸-重金属配合物的形成. 当RH > 70%时,RH增大可能促进草酸-重金属配合物的形成. 本研究为评估草酸在HMs中的增强提供了一些参考依据,同时提高了我们对大气环境中存在的草酸汇的认识.     

CSTR中亚硝化颗粒污泥的变化过程研究

在连续全混反应器(CSTR)中接种SBR培养成熟的亚硝化颗粒污泥,考察反应器构型对亚硝化颗粒污泥生长和运行的影响特性.结果表明,反应器构型和进水模式变化初期部分颗粒污泥解体,污泥平均沉速下降;但随着反应器的进一步运行,CSTR中实现了亚硝化絮体污泥的快速颗粒化过程;整个研究过程中,虽颗粒粒径分布存较大变化,如粒径>2.5 mm颗粒的减少和粒径<0.3 mm颗粒的增加,但颗粒态污泥始终是CSTR中占优势的污泥形态.另外,研究表明反应器构型和进水模式的改变对出水中亚硝酸盐累积率(保持在85%左右)无显著影响,并且新生的小粒径颗粒污泥比大粒径颗粒具有更高的比反应活性,此CSTR中污泥的平均活性亦高于接种污泥平均活性.     

Spatial and temporal variations of two cyanobacteria in the mesotrophic Miyun reservoir, China

Spatial variations in phytoplankton community within a large mesotrophic reservoir （Miyun reservoir, North China） were investigated in relation to variations in physico-chemical properties, nutrient concentrations, temperature and light conditions over a 5 month period in 2009. The dynamics of phytoplankton community was represented by the dominance of cyanobacteria through summer and fall, following with a short term dominance of chlorophyta in late fall, and a relatively high abundance of diatom in October; on the other hand, maximum phytoplankton biomass was recorded in the north shallow region of Miyun reservoir with a higher nutrients level. Particular attention was paid to the impacts of environmental conditions on the growth of two cyanobacteria genera, the toxin-producing Microcystis and the taste ＆ odor-producing Oscillatoria. Microcystis biomass was in general greatly affected by water temperature and mixing depth/local water depth ratio in this reservoir, while the Oscillatoria biomass in the surface and middle layers was greatly affected by total dissolved phosphorus, and that in the bottom layer was related with the Secchi depth/local water depth ratio. Abundant Oscillatoria biomass was observed only in late September when Microcystis biomass decreased and allowed sufficient light go through.     

连续流动分析仪测定地表水中高锰酸盐指数的方法研究

采用连续流动分析法测定地表水中高锰酸盐指数,实验测得检出限为0.036 mg/L,并且重点研究了几种不同浓度的高锰酸钾使用液对分析结果的影响,数据证明这其中储备液用量为13.5 ml时的结果最为准确。同时对方法的精密度和准确度进行了验证,并与国标方法(GB 11892-89)进行了比对。     

不同缺氧段硝酸盐氮浓度条件下连续流单污泥污水处理系统PHA、TP代谢

根据试验结果和物料平衡分析,揭示了连续流单污泥污水处理系统在不同主要缺氧段硝酸盐氮质量浓度[c(NO3)]条件下运行时的PHA、TP代谢规律,从反应机制方面评价以c(NO3)作为连续流单污泥污水处理系统运行控制参数的有效性.采用PLC自动控制系统,以硝化液内循环流量作为被控变量,基于反馈控制结构,在c(NO3)设定值分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5以及4.0 mg·L-1的条件下进行试验研究,进水水质及其他运行设计参数保持不变.结果表明,当c(NO3)设定值为2.5mg·L-1时,厌氧段和预缺氧段PHA合成并贮存量、主要缺氧段PHA降解量、厌氧段和预缺氧段磷释放量、系统总吸磷量以及主要缺氧段磷吸收量等均达到最大值,分别为35.32、1.71、20.44、6.16、0.32、8.04、3.67 g·d-1.这从PHA和TP代谢机制角度进一步证实了c(NO3)可作为连续流单污泥污水处理系统的运行控制参数,其最佳设定值为2.5 mg·L-1.     

连续流态下以实际低基质生活污水培养好氧颗粒污泥及其脱氮性能

研究了连续流系统污泥颗粒化过程中COD、氨氮和TN的去除效果以及成熟好氧颗粒污泥的物理性质和脱氮动力学.结果表明40 d内连续流系统内能形成好氧颗粒污泥.随着颗粒化程度的提高,系统脱氮除碳性能有所增加;第41~60 d稳定运行期间,系统对COD、氨氮和TN的平均去除率分别到达到85.54%、95.5%和65.56%,且反应过程中硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的积累不高.成熟颗粒污泥有较多的空隙结构,含有大量的胞外聚合物,相比于接种絮状污泥,其含水率、湿密度、沉降速度、机械强度、SVI值等都体现出了明显的优势.成熟好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化效率为81.69%,硝化速率(以NH+4-N计)和反硝化速率(以NO-x-N计)分别为5.78 mg·(L·h)-1和4.90 mg·(L·h)-1.     

Fugitive Gas Emissions from Fuel Tanks

Many fuel installations and industrial operations often are associated with the release, whether deliberately or inadvertently, of fuel vapors into the surrounding atmosphere. Most of these releases may be considered to be relatively small on a thermal basis, but they do represent collectively a serious source of unburned hydrocarbon emissions into the atmosphere. Moreover, the emissions of methane from various sources of natural gas contribute significantly to green house gas emissions.

The paper presents computed results of the transient dissipation of a fixed mass of methane when released within vertical cylindrical vessels containing air, which are open to the outside atmosphere under ambient conditions. Particular attention is given to the rates of emission of gas into the outside atmosphere and how it is affected by the composition and mass of the fuel released and the size and configuration of the fuel retaining cylindrical tank. The corresponding transient formation, growth and subsidence of flammable zones within such a vessel are also described. Some guidelines for reducing the hazards associated with such releases are presented.     

NitroMAC: An instrument for the measurement of HONO and intercomparison with a long-path absorption photometer

NitroMAC (French acronym for continuous atmospheric measurements of nitrogenous compounds) is an instrument which has been developed for the semi-continuous measurement of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO). This instrument relies on wet chemical sampling and detection using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-visible absorption at 540 nm. Sampling proceeds by dissolution of gaseous HONO in a phosphate buffer solution followed by derivatization with sulfanilamide/N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine. The performance of this instrument was found to be as follows: a detection limit of around 3 ppt with measurement uncertainty of 10% over an analysis time of 10 min. Intercomparison was made between the instrument and a long-path absorption photometer (LOPAP) during two experiments in different environments. First, air was sampled in a smog chamber with concentrations up to 18 ppb of nitrous acid. NitroMAC and LOPAP measurements showed very good agreement. Then, in a second experiment, ambient air with HONO concentrations below 250 ppt was sampled. While NitroMAC showed its capability of measuring HONO in moderate and highly polluted environments, the intercomparison results in ambient air highlighted that corrections must be made for minor interferences when low concentrations are measured.     

DOAS监测排放烟气浓度时谱线漂移处理方法研究

差分吸收光谱法(DOAS)是利用气体在紫外可见光波段对光具有选择吸收的特性来测量气体浓度的一种方法。DOAS法连续监测系统的核心是软件部分,由于吸收谱线漂移现象的存在,光谱解析算法的改进对污染气体浓度的计算带来很大的影响。基于DOAS法研究监测排放烟气浓度时谱线漂移对浓度计算的影响,并提出将相关函数和相关系数结合参与浓度计算,实验的结果表明,可以有效地减小谱线漂移时浓度计算的误差。