生物炭对西瓜连作土壤真菌群落结构和功能类群的影响

为明确生物炭施入后对西瓜连作土壤真菌群落结构及功能类群的长期影响,以西瓜成熟期根区土壤为研究对象,借助Illumina NovaSeq高通量测序技术和 FUNGuild平台,探究不同用量（7.5、15.0和30.0 t·hm^-2）生物炭施用3 a后西瓜连作土壤真菌群落组成、多样性及功能的差异,并分析土壤环境因子与真菌群落结构间的关联性.结果表明,添加生物炭3 a后提高了土壤pH、有效磷、速效钾、全氮、有机质和阳离子交换量,降低了土壤碱解氮含量.生物炭的施用改变了西瓜连作土壤真菌群落结构,提高了土壤真菌的丰富度和多样性.所有土壤样本共获得922个OTU,子囊菌门、担子菌门、被孢菌门、壶菌门和球囊菌门为优势真菌类群,占土壤真菌群落的85.70 %~92.45 %,生物炭的施入降低了子囊菌门和担子菌门的相对丰度,增加了被孢菌门和球囊菌门的相对丰度;属水平上,随着生物炭的施用,被孢霉属和囊根壶菌属的相对丰度增加,而镰刀菌属相对丰度降低.Mantel检验分析发现,速效钾、碱解氮、有机质和pH是影响土壤真菌群落结构的主要环境因子.真菌主要营养类型为腐生营养型、病理营养型和共生营养型,中、高剂量生物炭处理显著降低了土壤中病理营养型真菌的相对丰度,显著增加了共生营养型真菌的相对丰度.综上,生物炭施用3 a后可改变西瓜连作土壤理化性质,促进土壤真菌群落结构和功能类群向健康有益方向发展.     

便携式红外气体分析仪的检测

介绍了便携式红外气体分析仪的检测方案。其检测项目与指标、检测方法可为各级环境监测站及行业监测站检测同类仪器时借鉴使用。     

Analysis for Chemical Characterization of Atmospheric Aerosols Application of X-ray Microprobe System and Double Thin Film Method

The X-ray microprobe system was applied to ultra trace characterization of single Kosa aerosols and non-Kosa aerosols simultaneously collected at Yasaka, Japan and TaeAnn, Korea. We demonstrated remarkable mass increase of heavy metals as well as soil components in individual particles during the Kosa event compared with the non-Kosa period at Yasaka. Backward trajectory analysis suggested that the Kosa samples were in the mixing state of mineral components and anthropogenic heavy elements. Double thin film method was applied to investigate the seasonal change of the mixing states of single sea-salt aerosols associated with chlorine loss due to the heterogeneous reactions between sea-salt particles and acidic gases. It was revealed that the percentages of both chloride-nitrate mixed particles and sulfate-nitrate ones were larger in wintertime than those in summertime and fraction of chloride-nitrate mixed particles increased with an increase of particle size. Comparison between the size-segregated bulk analysis and the single particle analysis demonstrated that remarkable chloride depletion occurred in coarse particles sampled on May in the former analysis, while chloride depletion in coarse particles was not marked in the latter analysis. The discrepancy attributes to the difference of the sampling time between both analyses because significant change of air mass route occurred during the bulk sampling after completion of the single particle sampling.     

大气中几种痕量烃类化合物连续自动检测

本文报道在环境大气中有机污染物的全自动新分析方法。本方法采用由计算机控制的GC、大气样品浓缩管、电磁六通阀、真空泵及微处理机组成的全自动连续分析装置、完成定性定量分析。连续三周在呼和浩特市以每小时为一分析周期,用此装置检测了环境大气中正己烷、苯、甲苯、O-甲苯、M-甲苯、P-甲苯等16种有机污染物,获得较满意的结果。     

粗粒沉积物对污水的净化能力试验研究

采用连续和间歇２种注入方式,对粗粒松散沉积物净化污水的能力进行了试验研究,结果表明,１．５ｍ厚的砂卵石层对污水中细菌,合成洗涤剂,总铬等污染物的净化率可达５０％以上,间歇注入试验对Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）的净化率可达７６．１５％,而连续注入试验２４．７％,污水在粗粒沉积物中的入渗属氧化条件,有利于硝化作用进行。     

生物流化床反应器水力混合特性研究

分别以活性炭和陶粒作为载体,在无回流条件下研究了不同上升流速时,反应器的离散数D/μL和串联数N的变化规律.试验结果表明,上升流速,固体混合特性以及载体性质均对反应器离散程度产生影响.只要反应器达到一定的膨胀率,反应器的流态就比较接近完全混合型.活性炭为载体时,上升流速为0.29cm/s,膨胀率为9.5％,串联数N为2.17.说明用完全混合型反应器模拟生物流化床反应器是可行的.     

弯曲河流纵向混合系数的室内试验研究

本文在实验室弯曲河流物理模型内进行了示踪试验,获得了大量的实验数据,确定了关于弯曲河流纵向混台系数的准数关系式。通过对国外某些室内模型试验资料和现场试验资料的分析,确定了该式的应用范围。      

SK标准静态混合器应用于压缩空气泡沫系统的可行性研究

引入工业上应用较成熟的SK标准静态混合器作为压缩空气泡沫灭火系统的气液混合结构,基于FLUENT数值模拟,研究了不同混合单元个数和长径比混合器的混合效果,从压损和混合均匀性两方面进行评价,选定5个混合单元,长径比为1:1的SK混合器为较优结构,并进行了试验验证,研究结果可以为混合室的设计提供参考。     

Long-term thermophilic mono-digestion of rendering wastes and co-digestion with potato pulp

In this study, mono-digestion of rendering wastes and co-digestion of rendering wastes with potato pulp were studied for the first time in continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) experiments at 55 °C. Rendering wastes have high protein and lipid contents and are considered good substrates for methane production. However, accumulation of digestion intermediate products viz., volatile fatty acids (VFAs), long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₄-N and/or free NH₃) can cause process imbalance during the digestion. Mono-digestion of rendering wastes at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.5 kg volatile solids (VS)/m³ d and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 50 d was unstable and resulted in methane yields of 450 dm³/kg VS_fed. On the other hand, co-digestion of rendering wastes with potato pulp (60% wet weight, WW) at the same OLR and HRT improved the process stability and increased methane yields (500–680 dm³/kg VS_fed). Thus, it can be concluded that co-digestion of rendering wastes with potato pulp could improve the process stability and methane yields from these difficult to treat industrial waste materials.     

常温CSTR部分亚硝化影响因素及工况优化研究

为了更好地实现并维持稳定的部分亚硝化效果,以低氨氮人工配水为研究对象,采用连续流完全混合式活性污泥法(CSTR),在常温条件下对部分亚硝化工艺的影响因子和准佳工况进行了研究。结果表明,HRT=(3.0±0.2)h,DO为0.40～0.50 mg/L,回流比R=20%～30%时,平均氨氧化率为53%,且工艺出水NO2--N/NH4+-N平均为1.11∶1,适宜作为系统长期稳定运行的工况。若持续缩短HRT会导致反应器内污泥浓度降低,部分亚硝化效果受到影响。反应器在上述工况运行时,DO=0.50 mg/L是亚硝化率下降的临界浓度;系统进出水pH差值可良好表征出水亚硝酸盐氮与氨氮浓度的比例。