互花米草对持续淹水胁迫的生理响应

对互花米草进行了40cm水深的持续淹水胁迫,研究了其生理指标的响应.结果显示,淹水胁迫下,互花米草叶片中可溶性糖含量和叶绿索含量在初期均显著低于对照,随后逐渐积累并高于对照.丙二醛含量在初期显著高于对照,随后与对照组的差异逐渐减小,至生长季末与对照水平相当.过氧化物酶活性在淹水后63d内均高于对照,至生长季末则低于对照,而超氧化物歧化酶活性则始终高于对照.至生长季末,持续淹水胁迫条件下的互花米草生物量低于对照,其形态学上表现为植株矮小、根系变短、节长变短、地下部分所占生物量比重降低.研究结果表明,持续淹水胁迫对互花米草的生理指标产生影响,但互花米草可以通过生理和形态学的响应来适应这种胁迫,因此,必须进一步结合其它物理控制措施进行综合治理.     

高速铁路声屏障对居民环境影响的试验研究

以三种结构的高速铁路声屏障为研究对象,测量了高速列车通过有声、无声屏障两种状态下8个测点的声压值,并计算各测点等效连续A计权声压和声屏障的隔声量,结合GB3096-2008中规定的环境噪声限值进行声屏障结构对高速铁路周边居民的声环境影响评价。试验分析结果表明:声屏障不同程度改善了居民的声环境;由于试验所用的三种结构的声屏障隔声量离一般设计要求(20~25dB(A))相差太远,使得高速铁路周边环境噪声高于国家标准规定限值;声屏障结构改进应着力提高中低频噪声的隔声量。     

Estimating Sediment and Nutrient Loads in Four Western Lake Superior Streams

Total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP) have been shown to be strongly correlated with turbidity in watersheds. High‐frequency in situ turbidity can provide estimates of these potential pollutants over a wide range of hydrologic conditions. Concentrations and loads were estimated in four western Lake Superior trout streams from 2005 to 2010 using regression models relating continuous turbidity data to grab sample measures of TSS and TP during differing flow regimes. TSS loads estimated using the turbidity surrogate were compared with those made using FLUX software, a standard assessment technique based on discharge and grab sampling for TSS. More traditional rating curve methodology was not suitable because of the high variability in the particulates vs. discharge relationship. Stream‐specific turbidity and TSS data were strongly correlated (r² = 0.5 to 0.8; p < 0.05) and less so for TP (r² = 0.3 to 0.7; p < 0.05). Near‐continuous turbidity monitoring (every 15 min) provided a good method for estimating both TSS and TP concentration, providing information when manual sample collection was unlikely, and allowing for detailed analyses of short‐term responses of flashy Lake Superior tributaries to highly variable weather and hydrologic conditions while the FLUX model typically resulted in load estimates greater than those determined using the turbidity surrogate, with 17/23 stream years having greater FLUX estimates for TSS and 18/23 for TP.     

固定化微生物絮凝菌在废水脱色中的应用

从筛选到的微生物絮凝菌中构建出比单一菌群产生更高絮凝活性絮凝剂的复合菌群,并对其进行固定化,将固定化后的细胞应用于染料废水的处理。研究发现,利用海藻酸钙包埋絮凝菌能较长时间保持细胞高的活性,且固定化菌群对染料废水具有较好的脱色效果,并在一定程度上可以达到连续生产絮凝剂的目的。     

2007—2016年上海市暴雨特征及其与内涝灾情关系分析

利用上海市30个自动气象站2007—2016年逐小时降水数据和上海市应急联动平台110接报内涝灾情数据,分析了近10 a上海市暴雨和内涝灾情特征,并进一步研究致灾暴雨过程与内涝灾情的关系。结果表明：1）上海市暴雨空间分布反映了明显的城市雨岛特征,在水汽充沛的东部沿海和城市化水平较高的中心城区相对容易出现极端雨强;2）暴雨内涝灾情年变化较大,月分布呈单峰型,日分布呈双峰型,且内涝灾情数在中心城区及各区中心较为密集,反映了承灾体的空间分布特征;3）暴雨过程对内涝灾情的贡献作用明显,内涝灾情数与暴雨过程雨量、逐小时最大雨量和最大雨强显著相关,与持续时间和影响站次低度相关;4）逐小时最大雨量等于过程雨量且<60 mm时,内涝灾情数基本在20次以下,随着过程雨量增加,特别是过程雨量>100 mm时,灾情数急剧增加。暴雨特征与内涝灾情关系研究对于暴雨内涝的预报、预警和服务具有重要意义。     

A Multi-Channel Continuous Water Toxicity Monitoring System: Its Evaluation and Application to Water Discharged from a Power Plant

A multi-channel continuous water toxicity monitoring system was, after confirming the systems' performance, implemented to samples of water discharged from power plants to detect and classify their toxicity using several recombinant bioluminescent bacteria. Each channel of the system is composed of a series of two mini-bioreactors to enable a continuous operation, i.e., without system interruption due to highly toxic samples. A different recombinant bacterial strain was present in each channel: DPD2540 (fabA::lux CDABE), DPD2794 (recA::luxCDABE), and TV1061 (grpE::luxCDABE), which are induced by cell membrane-, DNA-, and protein-damaging agents, respectively. GC2 (lac::luxCDABE) is a constitutive strain, whose bioluminescence is reduced by an increase in cellular toxicity. Phenol and mitomycin C (MMC) were used for evaluating the system's performance to detect toxic chemicals. These samples were injected into the second mini-bioreactor according to a step or bell-curve manner. The field samples used in this study were obtained from the water discharged from two different power plants in Korea – from a nuclear power plant and a thermo-electronic power plant, and were injected into the second mini-bioreactor to initiate the toxicity test. Each channel showed specific bioluminescent (BL) response profiles due to the toxic compounds present in the water samples. Comparing the BL signals between the standard toxic chemical samples and discharged water samples, the equivalent toxicity of the field water could be estimated. Finally, it was proved that this novel continuous toxicity monitoring system can be used as an alternative tool for the quick monitoring and control of water quality, as well as aid in the setting up of a new monitoring strategy to protect the source of tap water and in the prevention of polluted water discharge.     

北京市典型道路交通噪声排放特征

采用北京市道路交通噪声自动监测系统2013—2017年采集的等效连续A声级数据,对城市快速路、城市主干线、城市次干线、城市支路的代表性站点噪声排放情况进行了统计分析,结果显示,北京市不同等级的道路噪声排放具备一定的特征,排放水平从大到小依次为城市快速路城市主干线城市支路和城市次干线,道路噪声随时间变化存在较为一致的周期性排放特征,24 h变化特征比较明显。个别道路排放特征存在特异性,如城市主干线道路的一个代表监测站点噪声监测值出现了逐年下降趋势,分析发现,北京市非首都功能疏解对其噪声值的下降有一定贡献。采取一定的规划和管理措施有助于减少道路交通噪声的排放。     

The MYSound Project: building an estuary-wide monitoring network for Long Island Sound,USA

A network of five water quality monitoring stations has been established in Long Island Sound, measuring temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen since 1999. The stations are located in areas of extreme water quality degradation (western Long Island Sound) as well as in pristine areas (eastern Long Island Sound). The data from these stations are collected every 15 minutes and posted to the project web site in real time as provisional data. After subsequent quality assurance procedures, the data are archived to the project File Transfer Protocol (FSP) site for downloading by the user community. The network of stations is in part supported logistically by a number of partners, including state and local agencies, schools, and non-governmental organizations. Data from the monitoring programs of some of these partners are also published to the project website providing a more comprehensive and complete picture of the status of the Sound than can be provided independently. This repository of information is used by marine educators, resource managers, scientists, and the general public, each with a different end purpose. We use the data from two of the stations to show that these high frequency time series measurements can be used to complement and enhance other monitoring programs within the Sound, documenting in greater detail the occurrence and duration of hypoxic events.     

潮汐流人工湿地的除氮效果及影响因素

为研究TF-CW(tidal flow constructed wetland,潮汐流人工湿地)的除氮效果及其主要影响因素,以连续流模拟装置(A组)为对照,设置3种潮汐进水方式〔RAT(闲置时间∶反应时间)分别为1∶1、1∶2、2∶1,依次记做B组、C组、D组〕,运行175 d,分析不同进水方式下TF-CW模拟装置对TN、NH₄+-N、NO₃--N、TOC的去除效果及其在不同处理深度上的变化. 结果表明:A、B、C、D组TN平均去除率分别为82.41%±4.84%、84.82%±5.09%、86.09%±3.99%、90.23%±3.05%. A组TN和NH₄+-N的去除效果与B、C、D组均差异显著(P<0.05),其中D组TN和NH₄+-N的去除效果均最好;A组对NO₃--N的总体去除效果较优;RAT并不影响TOC的去除率. 不同进水方式下,NH₄+-N的去除率均在0~15 cm深度内最大,ρ(TOC)处于较低水平(0~20 mg/L),二者均随处理深度的不断增加而逐渐下降;ρ(NO₃--N)在0~15 cm深度内迅速上升. 随着闲置时间的增加,ρ(DO)逐渐升高. TN和NH₄+-N的去除率随着运行时间的增加基本保持恒定,主要影响因子有ρ(DO)、RAT、ORP(oxidation reduction potential,氧化还原电位)和ρ(TOC);而NO₃--N的去除率随着运行时间的增加而逐渐降低,其主要影响因子有pH、电导率和水温等.      

覆盖层甲烷氧化动力学和甲烷氧化菌群落结构

基于实际填埋场覆盖土建立了可实时在线监测生物气的模拟覆盖层系统,连续监测了不同垂直梯度生物气浓度变化.甲烷通量不变时,覆盖层内不同梯度生物气浓度基本保持不变,系统持续稳定运行,甲烷通量变化后2~3 h生物气可再次持续稳定.考察了覆盖层甲烷氧化特性与甲烷通量的关系,深度大于20 cm,氧气浓度随甲烷通量的增大呈减小趋势,表层氧气浓度与甲烷通量无相关性,不同梯度的甲烷氧化速率与甲烷通量呈正相关(R2变化范围0.851~0.999).为避免覆盖土脱离系统环境造成的误差,以动态连续监测结果为基础,利用双基质Michaelis-Menten方程拟合了覆盖层甲烷氧化动力学(R2范围为0.902~0.955),得到覆盖土半饱和常数Km为0.157~0.729,Km随深度的增加而增大.利用高通量测序技术分析了原始覆盖土和经模拟覆盖层运行后的甲烷氧化菌群落结构,运行后甲烷氧化菌OUT数量显著增多,优势菌群为Ⅰ型菌的Methylobacter和Methylophilaceae及Ⅱ型菌Methylocystis.