新型全混合式厨余垃圾生物干化工艺效能实证研究

开发了一种新型连续进料全混合式厨余垃圾生物干化工艺,通过中试试验探究了该工艺运行效能及其对物料温度、含水率和热值的影响规律.结果表明,该工艺可显著缩短升温时间,维持物料>50℃的高温区段20h/d;在最佳运行条件（通风速率0.171m³/（kg·h）,最低控制温度45℃,干化周期7d）下,厨余垃圾含水率可降至（34.86±1.71）%,水分单位去除量达（716±23） kg_水/t_垃圾,运行能耗仅为77.91kW·h/t_垃圾,低位热值高达（6681±119） kJ/kg,满足垃圾焚烧进炉要求,可有效实现厨余垃圾快速衍生燃料化.     

Impacts of continuously regenerating trap and particle oxidation catalyst on the NO2 and particulate matter emissions emitted from diesel engine

Two continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter (CRDPF) with different configurations and one particles oxidation catalyst (POC) were employed to perform experiments in a controlled laboratory setting to evaluate their effects on NO₂, smoke and particle number emissions. The results showed that the application of the after-treatments increased the emission ratios of NO₂/NO_x significantly. The results of smoke emissions and particle number (PN) emissions indicated that both CRDPFs had sufficient capacity to remove more than 90% of total particulate matter (PM) and more than 97% of solid particles. However, the POC was able to remove the organic components of total PM, and only partially to remove the carbonaceous particles with size less than 30 nm. The negligible effects of POC on larger particles were observed due to its honeycomb structure leads to an inadequate residence time to oxidize the solid particles or trap them. The particles removal efficiencies of CRDPFs had high degree of correlations with the emission ratio of NO₂/NO_x. The PN emission results from two CRDPFs indicated that more NO₂ generating in diesel oxidation catalyst section could obtain the higher removal efficiency of solid particles. However this also increased the risk of NO₂ exposure in atmosphere.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

RESt3/NiDBC可环境消纳聚乙烯地膜研制及NiDBC晶体结构表征

以硬脂酸共生稀土(RESt3)和二丁基二硫代氨基甲酸镍(NiDBC)为复合光敏剂研制可环境消纳聚乙烯(PE)地膜,采用X-射线单晶衍射仪表征了NiDBC晶体结构,对其光敏调节机理作了初步探讨。将研制的PE地膜进行人工加速老化实验、户外曝晒实验及自然环境土壤填埋试验,以断裂伸长率保留率（F）和羰基指数（CI）作为评价PE地膜的光降解性能指标。结果表明：改变RESt3/NiDBC的用量能生产出不同光降解诱导期的PE地膜,可实现PE地膜降解的可控性;将经生物活性剂表面处理过的白云石粉,N、P、K肥料和RESt3/NiDBC复合光敏剂按一定比例添加到PE地膜中,既能有效提高其降解的彻底性,又可适当改良酸性土壤。     

淹水-落干与季节性温度升高耦合过程对消落带沉积物氮矿化影响

为揭示淹水-落干循环及季节性温度升高耦合过程对三峡支流消落带沉积物氮矿化的影响,根据野外调查,选取三峡支流澎溪河上游和下游两个水文断面,150、160和170 m这3个水位高程的沉积物样品,根据库区水文和气温特征,进行淹水-落干控温培养,分析沉积物氮矿化速率和累积量变化.结果表明与低水位高程相比,高水位高程(170 m)消落带总氮和铵态氮含量相对较低,而硝态氮含量较高.沉积物净氮矿化累积量和矿化速率均表现为落干期高于淹水期,且不同水位高程净氮矿化速率均随时间延长而下降.落干期净氮矿化累积量与沉积物总碳含量和碳氮比显著正相关,而淹水期与之负相关(P0.001).沉积物净氮矿化速率在落干期对温度升高敏感(Q_(10)1),而淹水期低水位高程对温度升高不敏感(Q_(10)1).可见,冬季淹水期温度升高对氮矿化影响较小,氮累积且释放缓慢.夏季落干期温度升高加速了氮矿化过程,增加了二次淹水后无机氮素输入水体和水体富营养化的风险.     

花果期持续受渍对油菜生长、产量与含油量的影响

油菜是江汉平原广泛栽培的越冬作物，在春季雨水较多时常遭遇持续受渍胁迫，对产量有明显影响。为了探索春季油菜田的排水管理，取得较高产量，通过测坑试验和小区试验，初步研究了花果斯持续受渍对油菜生长，产量和含油量的影响。结果表明：油菜花果期持续受渍，主要是通过单株的有效角果数，千粒重等因素影响产量；随着持续受渍时间的延长，各受渍处理的单株有效角果数减少，千粒重降低，产量下降，与对照相比，较短时间（比如2天）持续受渍对油菜生长发育，产量形成以及籽粒含油量影响不大，但较长时期持续受渍会对油菜的这些方面产生不良影响，此类水分胁迫是生产上重点防治的对象。因此，在考虑地下水位动脉及其作用时间对油菜影响的排渍指标研究中，应主要从持续受渍程度对产量的影响方面建立关系，确定适宜的新型排渍指标。     

海上溢油下潜过程特征的实验考察

海上溢油行为的研究是预测其归宿、控制其危害的关键所在。由于目前对溢油下潜于水时所受多因素影响、经历多个子过程的综合效应不清,文章用挡板烧瓶模拟波浪,考察其行为特征。结果表明:波浪类型对下潜率影响最大,破碎波和规则波下油的下潜率差异可达79.8%;上浮过程的影响可使得下潜率随时间出现最大值,随分散剂含量的增加有最大值。对比静置中下潜率的变化规律,可认为波浪通过夹带和破碎作用使油下潜,分散剂则增加了下潜稳定性。实验结果可对海面溢油下潜过程的预测提供理论依据和实验数据。     

垂直流人工湿地系统中水流规律的研究

对一种新型的垂直流人工湿地系统的水流特性进行了研究。考察了系统的运行状况及介质中滞留区的分布范围，并且运用化学工程中反应器理论，采用示踪剂试验的方法得到了垂直流人工湿地系统的停留时间分布与污水的实际停留时间。根据水流停留时间分布函数对系统实际液流流态进行了数学模拟，提出二级串联的理想完全混合反应器（CSTR）模型能够较好地模拟垂直流人工湿地系统中水流的流动形态。     

Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from diesel engine retrofitted with selective catalytic reduction and continuously regenerating trap

Two after treatment units, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and continuously regenerating trap (CRT), were independently retrofitted to a diesel engine, with the objective to investigate their impact on the conversion/reduction (CR) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The experiments were conducted under the European steady state cycle (ESC) first without any retrofits to get baseline emissions, and then with SCR and CRT respectively, on the same engine. The particulate matter (PM)-phase PAHs were trapped in fiberglass filters, whereas gas-phase PAHs were collected in cartridges, and then analyzed using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Both PM-phase and gas-phase PAHs were greatly reduced with CRT showing respective CR of 90.7% and above 80%, whereas only gas-phase PAHs were abated in the case of SCR, with CR of above 75%. Lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were in abundance, while naphthalene exhibited a maximum relative contribution (RC) to LMW-PAHs for all three cases. Further, the CR of naphthalene and anthracene were increased with increasing catalyst temperature of SCR, most likely due to their conversion to solid particles. Moreover, the Benzo[a]Pyrene equivalent (BaP_eq) of PAHs was greatly reduced with CRT, owing to substantial reduction of total PAHs.     

膜基材对连续流动态膜厌氧混合发酵系统的影响

采用动态膜生物反应器(DMBR)成功启动并稳定运行了玉米秸秆与餐厨垃圾中温厌氧混合发酵系统,重点探究了膜基材性质(膜面积、膜孔径和膜材质)对连续流动态膜混合发酵系统运行性能和动态膜性能的影响.结果表明,膜面积、膜孔径和膜材质对动态膜的形成、膜通量的改变和有机质的截留能力均有影响显著.其中,适当增大膜面积以降低膜通量能够显著降低膜反洗频率;与200目尼龙网膜基材相比,相同膜面积的300目不锈钢膜基材的有机质截留率更高(95%),稳定状态出料浊度低于50 NTU,相应的DMBR系统甲烷产率由(111.1±7.9) mL·g~(-1) COD增至(217.1±18.6) mL·g~(-1) COD.比对分析可知,300目不锈钢膜基材能够较好地实现混合发酵系统水力停留时间(HRT)和固体停留时间(SRT)的稳定分离,有利于最大限度地提升混合发酵系统的甲烷产率.此外,在选定动态膜组件较优膜面积、膜孔径(300目)和膜材质(不锈钢网)的基础上,设定有机负荷、HRT和SRT分别为(3.91±0.55) g·L~(-1)·d~(-1)、30 d和46 d,连续流动态膜混合发酵系统能够实现长时间高效稳定运行,反应器内辅酶F_(420)浓度(1.65μmol·g~(-1) VS)较高,且纤维素类生物质降解显著.