等高固氮植物篱中套种桑树的桑叶产量及生物产量

对套种在等高固氮植物篱中的桑树（植物篱桑）和地埂桑全年的桑叶产量和生物产量、树势、桑叶营养成分等进行了研究,结果表明,植物篱桑各季的桑叶产量和单叶面积分别比地埂桑高114．3％－180．6％、7．8％－56．6％;全年株总片叶量、株冬条重、株枝叶总量分别比地埂桑高157．0％、294．3％、186．6％;单叶重除晚秋桑比地埂桑高4．1％外,其它各季高27．6％－66．5％;植物篱桑的树势极显著优于地埂桑,其有效条数、平均有效条长、平均粗和平均每m条着叶的数分别比地埂桑高84．8％、29．5％、39．0％、15．5％;植物篱桑下的土壤有机质和全氮含量高于地埂桑;二者桑叶的营养成分高低则相差不大。表5参16。     

Mathematical approaches to the analysis of the spatial-age structures of tussock herb species

Some up-to-date methods of analysis of the spatial and age structures of populations, including local population density maps and Ripley’s functions, are described using 20 cenopopulations (CPs) of Adonis vernalis L. as an example. Pregenerative plants have been found to be the most contagious, irrespective of climatic and phytocenotic conditions and land use type. The spatial distribution pattern and structure of A. vernalis are mainly determined by generative plants forming a tussock, irrespective of the climate and vegetation type. This is explained by higher competitiveness of generative plants, which results in a reduced vegetation density at small distances from them (25–50 cm). Within wider areas, plant distribution may be random due to uniformity of local conditions in microhabitats. The formation of distinct plant aggregations is accounted for by insufficient water supply and the intensity and type of anthropogenic impact.     

Using MCDA and GIS for hazardous waste landfill siting considering land scarcity for waste disposal

The main aim of this study was to develop a procedure that minimizes the wasting of space for the siting of hazardous waste landfills as part of a solid waste management system. We wanted to tackle the shortage of land for waste disposal that is a serious and growing problem in most large urban regions. The procedure combines a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach with a geographical information system (GIS). The GIS was utilised to obtain an initial screening in order to eliminate unsuitable areas, whereas the MCDA was developed to select the most suitable sites. The novelty of the proposed siting procedure is the introduction of a new screening phase before the macro-siting step aimed at producing a “land use map of potentially suitable areas” for the siting of solid waste facilities which simultaneously takes into consideration all plant types. The issue of obtaining sites evaluations of a specific facility was coupled with the issue of not wasting land appropriate to facilitate other types of waste management options. In the developed case study, the use of an innovative criteria weighting tool (the “Priority Scale”) in combination with the Analytic Hierarchy Process was useful to easier define the priorities of the evaluation criteria in comparison with other classic methods such as the Paired Comparison Technique in combination with the Simple Additive Weighting method.     

A systematic survey of the integration of animal behavior into conservation

The role of behavioral ecology in improving wildlife conservation and management has been the subject of much recent debate. We sought to answer 2 foundational questions about the current use of behavioral knowledge in conservation: To what extent is behavioral knowledge used in wildlife conservation and management, and how does the use of animal behavior differ among conservation fields in both frequency and types of use? We searched the literature for intersections between key fields of animal behavior and conservation and created a systematic heat map (i.e., graphical representation of data where values are represented as colors) to visualize relative efforts. Some behaviors, such as dispersal and foraging, were commonly considered (mean [SE] of 1147.38 [353.11] and 439.44 [108.85] papers per cell, respectively). In contrast, other behaviors, such as learning, social, and antipredatory behaviors were rarely considered (mean [SE] of 33.88 [7.62], 44.81 [10.65], and 22.69 [6.37] papers per cell, respectively). In many cases, awareness of the importance of behavior did not translate into applicable management tools. Our results challenge previous suggestions that there is little association between the fields of behavioral ecology and conservation and reveals tremendous variation in the use of different behaviors in conservation. We recommend that researchers focus on examining underutilized intersections of behavior and conservation themes for which preliminary work shows a potential for improving conservation and management, translating behavioral theory into applicable and testable predictions, and creating systematic reviews to summarize the behavioral evidence within the behavior‐conservation intersections for which many studies exist.     

曝气参数对短程硝化的影响及氮素等高线分析

采用间歇曝气SBR工艺处理实际生活污水,在温度为（26±0.5）℃,pH值为（7.2±0.2）时,考察曝气强度和曝气密度两种曝气参数对实现稳定短程硝化的影响,设计批次试验采用等高线及其剖面图探究NH₄⁺-N去除率（ARE）和NO₂^--N积累率（NiAR）.结果表明：控制曝气密度为12时,高曝气强度（2L/（L×h））下,可实现67.10%的ARE和95%的NiAR;控制曝气强度为2L/（L×h）,在曝气密度分别为6、8和12时,ARE分别在40、37、22周期达到71.40%、52.36%和59.60%,NiAR分别增大至98.94%、96.72%和98.20%.对批次试验结果进行等高线分析,曝气强度和曝气密度均会对ARE和NiAR有影响,在曝气强度为和曝气密度分别为2L/（L×h）和15时,ARE和NiAR分别高达77%和99%.     

Reflexive assessment of practical and holistic sanitation development tools using the rural and peri-urban case of Mexico

Lack of sanitation affects the lives of billions of people worldwide. It is now generally agreed that sustainable solutions to this complex problem require social and cultural factors to be addressed in addition to the habitual economic and technical aspects. Increasingly, sector professionals view the fragmented approaches to sanitation as a limiting factor. This refers to the fragmentation of the knowledge on the subject among often hermetic disciplines and to the distribution of political mandates on sanitation across many institutions, which independently tackle specific aspects of the issue. Holistic approaches have often been suggested as a solution. This paper presents the development of such a holistic approach, designed to assess sanitation development in rural and peri-urban settings. Tested in three Mexican communities, it relies on qualitative research tools to identify critical influences to sanitation development. This article presents generic results about micro and macro-factors affecting sanitation development in Mexican villages, and reflexively examines the research process as well as the strengths and limitations of the approach. The conceptual map developed for each case study successfully highlights the interconnectedness of all factors affecting sanitation development. Despite some weaknesses, these maps constitute a practical assessment tool for interdisciplinary teams deployed in integrated water and sanitation development programs and a valuable didactic tool for training activities.     

Detection of small leakage from long transportation pipeline with complex noise

In the long distance pipeline remote monitoring system, small leak detection becomes an important issue. Weak singularities in small leak signals are usually difficult to detect precisely under complicated noise background, which may cause false alarm or miss alarm. The advantage of applying the harmonic wavelet method is explored in this paper. Pipeline small leak sensitive characteristics are recognized and the negative pressure wave inflexions are extracted by harmonic wavelet analysis, expressed in terms of harmonic wavelet time-frequency mesh map, time-frequency contour map, and time-frequency profile plot. This paper also presents a comparative study of both Daubechies wavelet and harmonic wavelet analysis when applied to pipeline small leak detection under complicated background noises. Results of simulating test and field experiment show that it is possible to distinguish weak non-stationarities from complicated noises by harmonic wavelet analysis in pipeline small leak detection system. The comparison clearly illustrates that harmonic wavelet based pipeline small leakage detection method is significantly more accurate than other wavelets analysis such as Daubechies wavelet. This work provides a reliable and safe guarantee for oil and gas long distance transportation, reducing petroleum product losses and protecting surrounding environment.     

中国独立型环境税方案设计及其效应分析

环境税是当前国家正在推进的一项重要的环境经济政策改革。本研究从分析环境税的内涵和实施基础出发,提出了我国独立型环境税税制设计方案,对污染排放税目、污染产品税目、生态保护税目和碳排放税目的具体税制要素进行了设计,测算了不同组合方案下的环境税可能收入水平。利用环境CGE模型分析了环境税征收对GDP、物价、生产、消费、贸易和要素资源配置的影响,提出了环境税的实施路线图。     

近30 a基本农田领域研究态势的可视化分析

论文通过收集"基本农田"为关键词的537篇检索文献,建立关键词共现关系聚类图谱与时区图谱,以Citespace可视化分析法分析近30 a(1986—2015年)中国基本农田领域研究的发展态势。研究结果表明:1)基本农田领域的研究聚类集中在基本农田保护、评价、划定以及建设等4个领域,研究内容与方法侧重点不同;2)基本农田研究内涵及内容体系丰富,具有明显的时代性特征,并且具有明显的地域差异性和时间变异性;3)基本农田研究还存在一定的共性问题,一是基本农田划定与评价指标体系过于笼统,评价体系缺乏协调性,二是缺少各级别的基金资助与支持。研究建议:基本农田评价与划定标准体系要考虑区域特征与需求;基本农田研究要适应土地利用规划及土地整治等国家战略要求;同时,基本农田研究应是一项科学问题,要发展成为国家自然基金等资助的重要检索关键词与申报领域。