煤层透气性系数的优化和简化计算方法

煤层透气性系数是用以考察保护层开采效果和设计瓦斯抽采系统的重要参数之一,钻孔径向流量法是求取该系数最常用的算法。利用理论推导和图形分析方法,探讨流量准数、时间准数、煤层透气性系数与参数A,B间的关系。在此基础上,针对科研工作和现场管理的实际情况,提出求解透气性系数的2种新算法及其算法流程,并对时间准数-参数A,B函数关系中的间断点问题进行讨论和分析,解决此区间内求解透气性系数相应计算公式等问题。理论和实例分析表明:算法1在不更改最终计算公式和结果的前提下,省去了繁琐的试算过程,既保证了可靠性也优化了计算流程;算法2以稍减精度的代价对计算流程进行进一步的简化,其结果仍有较高精度。     

浅谈企业重大危险源的识别与控制

提高安全意识、保障安全发展已成为我国企业推动现代化管理和社会进步的重要标识。随着科技的进步和体制改革的深入,我国企业安全管理工作的系统和模式正在发生根本性变化。现代化的隐患监控系统溶于社会化的工业安全卫生监控体系之中。从方法上来说,由危险源辨识进阶到隐患辨识,必须通过普查、评价、认证的方式完成分级评估．确定隐患监控的实施基础、作为隐患监控的技术载体则越来越依托信息网络的发展。因此,企业开展对重大危险源及事故隐患的辨识、评价、监控、预警、应急预案的理论和技术研究,必然加快企业持续推动科学发展、安全发展的进程。     

电焊烟尘的危害及其防护效果

本文介绍了电焊烟尘对人体某些系统的危害和可能的原因,对现阶段烟尘的防治状况进行了讨论,并介绍了常用和正在开发的除尘方法,以及它们的实施效果。在此基础上进行总结,得出目前除烟尘的技术手段不能使其完全达标。在此现实情况下,提出防治烟尘和个体防护工作的几点建议。     

石化企业的环境污染事故应急预案分析与建议

从环境污染角度分析了"吉化爆炸"、"大连原油泄漏"和"兰化系列爆炸"三个典型石化企业安全生产事故案例,论证了环境污染控制在应急预案中的重要地位和完善的应急预案对于避免环境污染事故或最大程度减少事故损失的重要作用。在此基础上,分析了目前石化企业的环境污染应急预案中存在的普遍性问题,并以天津某石化企业的环境污染事故应急预案为例,从应急能力、应急行动、应急培训、预案演练、预案修订和环境污染预防等方面提出了完善建议,增强其针对性、可操作性和科学合理性,以期在应急救援中发挥更好的功效,避免安全生产事故次生环境污染事故。     

建筑应急照明的设计与施工探讨

应急照明是现代建筑安全保障的重要设施之一,它同人身安全和建筑物安全紧密相关。根据建筑电气设计规范对应急照明的具体规定,对应急照明的设计要求做了进一步探讨和归纳总结,并结合具体问题对应急照明设置场所、供电时间、电源供电方式、控制方式、施工设计及设计要点等方面进行了阐述,对应急照明的设计和实践应用中出现的问题进行了分析,并提出了整改措施。     

中国航油HSE管理体系建设实践

本文阐述了HSE管理体系建立的过程,对中国航油建立HSE管理体系的组织方法和质量控制措施进行了陈述,探讨了科学控制和精细化管理在企业HSE管理体系建设过程中的作用。提出适合国内石油企业的HSE管理体系建设控制方法,以最大限度的建立适宜有效的HSE管理体系。     

Reaction mechanism of arsenic capture by a calcium-based sorbent during the combustion of arsenic-contaminated biomass: A pilot-scale experience

Pilot-scale combustion is required to treat arsenic-enriched biomass in China. CaO addition to arsenic-enriched biomass reduces arsenic emission. CaO captures arsenic via chemical adsorption to form Ca₃(AsO₄)₂. Large quantities of contaminated biomass due to phytoremediation were disposed through combustion in low-income rural regions of China. This process provided a solution to reduce waste volume and disposal cost. Pilot-scale combustion trials were conducted for in site disposal at phytoremediation sites. The reaction mechanism of arsenic capture during pilot-scale combustion should be determined to control the arsenic emission in flue gas. This study investigated three Pteris vittata L. biomass with a disposal capacity of 600 kg/d and different arsenic concentrations from three sites in China. The arsenic concentration in flue gas was greater than that of the national standard in the trial with no emission control, and the arsenic concentration in biomass was 486 mg/kg. CaO addition notably reduced arsenic emission in flue gas, and absorption was efficient when CaO was mixed with biomass at 10% of the total weight. For the trial with 10% CaO addition, arsenic recovery from ash reached 76%, which is an ~8-fold increase compared with the control. Synchrotron radiation analysis confirmed that calcium arsenate is the dominant reaction product.     

Minimizing opportunity costs to aquatic connectivity restoration while controlling an invasive species

Controlling invasive species is critical for conservation but can have unintended consequences for native species and divert resources away from other efforts. This dilemma occurs on a grand scale in the North American Great Lakes, where dams and culverts block tributary access to habitat of desirable fish species and are a lynchpin of long‐standing efforts to limit ecological damage inflicted by the invasive, parasitic sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Habitat restoration and sea‐lamprey control create conflicting goals for managing aging infrastructure. We used optimization to minimize opportunity costs of habitat gains for 37 desirable migratory fishes that arose from restricting sea lamprey access (0–25% increase) when selecting barriers for removal under a limited budget (US$1–105 million). Imposing limits on sea lamprey habitat reduced gains in tributary access for desirable species by 15–50% relative to an unconstrained scenario. Additional investment to offset the effect of limiting sea‐lamprey access resulted in high opportunity costs for 30 of 37 species (e.g., an additional US$20–80 million for lake sturgeon [Acipenser fulvescens]) and often required ≥5% increase in sea‐lamprey access to identify barrier‐removal solutions adhering to the budget and limiting access. Narrowly distributed species exhibited the highest opportunity costs but benefited more at less cost when small increases in sea‐lamprey access were allowed. Our results illustrate the value of optimization in limiting opportunity costs when balancing invasion control against restoration benefits for diverse desirable species. Such trade‐off analyses are essential to the restoration of connectivity within fragmented rivers without unleashing invaders.     

煤矿安全警示宣传图恐惧诉求效果研究

煤矿安全警示宣传图是普及煤矿安全知识、提升工作人员安全意识的重要途径。含有恐惧诉求效果的警示宣传图经常被作为宣传策略来说服或影响受众者的态度和行为。搜集、设计了5组有无恐惧诉求元素的煤矿安全警示宣传对比图,采用眼动试验、心率监测、调查问卷、访谈等方法研究有无恐惧诉求元素煤矿安全警示宣传图的效果差异。结果表明:被试在观看有恐惧诉求元素安全警示宣传图时,注视点较集中在含有恐惧诉求元素的兴趣区,瞳孔较大,平均心率较高;有恐惧诉求元素的安全警示图更能吸引被试的注意力,增强被试的记忆效果,但有恐惧诉求元素的安全警示宣传图在设计时要注意恐惧诉求元素区域与文字标语的配合;"漫画+文字标语"型恐惧诉求安全警示宣传图表达委婉、主题突出、言简意赅,更容易被接受。     

The potential for biodiversity offsetting to fund effective invasive species control

Compensating for biodiversity losses in 1 location by conserving or restoring biodiversity elsewhere (i.e., biodiversity offsetting) is being used increasingly to compensate for biodiversity losses resulting from development. We considered whether a form of biodiversity offsetting, enhancement offsetting (i.e., enhancing the quality of degraded natural habitats through intensive ecological management), can realistically secure additional funding to control biological invaders at a scale and duration that results in enhanced biodiversity outcomes. We suggest that biodiversity offsetting has the potential to enhance biodiversity values through funding of invasive species control, but it needs to meet 7 key conditions: be technically possible to reduce invasive species to levels that enhance native biodiversity; be affordable; be sufficiently large to compensate for the impact; be adaptable to accommodate new strategic and tactical developments while not compromising biodiversity outcomes; acknowledge uncertainties associated with managing pests; be based on an explicit risk assessment that identifies the cost of not achieving target outcomes; and include financial mechanisms to provide for in‐perpetuity funding. The challenge then for conservation practitioners, advocates, and policy makers is to develop frameworks that allow for durable and effective partnerships with developers to realize the full potential of enhancement offsets, which will require a shift away from traditional preservation‐focused approaches to biodiversity management. El Potencial de la Compensación de la Biodiversidad para Financiar Controles Efectivos de Especies Invasoras