Mass concentrations and temporal profiles of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 near major urban roads in Beijing

Mass concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁ were measured near major roads in Beijing during six periods: summer and winter of 2001, winter of 2007, and periods before, during and after the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Since the control efforts for motor vehicles helped offset the increase of emissions from the rapid growth of vehicles, the averaged PM_2.5 concentrations at roadsides during the sampling period between 2001 and 2008 fluctuated over a relatively small range. With the implementation of temporary traffic control measures during the Olympics, a clear “V” shaped curve showing the concentrations of particulate matter and other gaseous air pollutants at roadsides over time was identified. The average concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, CO and NO decreased by 31.2%, 46.3%, 32.3% and 35.4%, respectively, from June to August; this was followed by a rebound of all air pollutants in December 2008. Daily PM₁₀ concentrations near major roads exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (Grade II) for 61.2% of the days in the non-Olympic periods, while only for 12.5% during the Olympics. The mean ratio of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ near major roads remained relatively stable at 0.55 (±0.108) on non-Olympic days. The ratio decreased to 0.48 (±0.099) during the Olympics due to a greater decline in fine particles than in coarse-mode PM. The ratios PM₁/PM_2.5 fluctuated over a wide range and were statistically different from each other during the sampling periods. The average ratios of PM₁/PM_2.5 on non-Olympic days were 0.71.     

基于霍尔三维结构绿色建筑标准体系构建研究

为了建立科学的标准体系并能保证标准之间的协调性,通过分析标准体系层次性和复杂性的特点,引入霍尔三维结构理论,从目标、专业、时间3个维度构建覆盖绿色建筑全生命周期的标准体系。     

隧道半横向排烟模式下不同排烟口分布的温度场数值模拟研究

结合某过江盾构隧道,基于三维流体动力学模拟仿真软件平台,建立三维仿真模型,研究火灾发生在隧道盾构段典型区段时,排烟开口在火源上下游不同的分布模式时烟气层的温度场分布。通过分析模拟结果可知:随着火源上游排烟开口逐步增加,火源上游烟气逆流长度和蔓延速度都相对稳定而后又逐步增长,火源下游的烟气蔓延长度先减小而后又基本趋于稳定,下游烟气沉降高度则有所升高;火源位置处正上方温度则随着上游排烟开口的个数逐步增加而逐渐升高。而从其他的排烟开口变化模式模拟结果可知:随着排烟开口面积或者开口间距的逐步增大,烟气蔓延的速度先增加而后又逐步减小,且开口间距为30m左右时烟气蔓延速度相对较慢;排烟开口宽高比对烟气蔓延影响较小。所获得的结论将有助于相关类型工程的设计和管理。     

钻井井喷失控因素分析及预防对策

井喷失控是钻井中的灾难性事故,有必要开展井喷失控研究,找到井喷失控发生的原因和提出防止井喷失控的对策。在统计分析1970年到2009年间中石油发生在钻进过程中的48例井喷失控事故的基础上,通过对防喷器、节流压井管汇、套管、井喷后爆炸起火等井喷失控因素分析,并利用MLS法对上述各种井喷失控因素危险值进行评估。最后,根据井喷失控因素分析和危险值评估结果,结合现有的钻井井控设计,提出了防止钻井井喷失控的对策。     

矿井通风网络复杂度与风机控制力量化计算

为了探究矿井通风网络复杂度与风机控制力的关系,提出分支关联度、最小距离、通风网络复杂度和风机控制力的概念。利用vCad2.0进行数字实验,对网络复杂度与风机控制力的关系进行定量研究。结果表明:随着网络复杂度的增加,矿井通风系统的有效风量率减小,且认为该值减小到60%时,视为风机控制力的极限,此时网络拓扑结构为风机所能控制的最大网络复杂度。地面集中供风时,同时工作的中段数量存在上限,最大值为7。将结论用于某有色金属矿进行实证研究,找出该矿深部中段通风困难的原因,为矿井进一步整改提供理论依据。     

西南地区旱涝特征及其趋势预测

应用Z指数和标准化降水指数SPI,结合REOF方法和Hurst 指数对西南地区旱涝等级及其时空分布规律、演变趋势进行分析和预测,结果表明:SPI 和Z指数的计算结果和现实情况较一致,从多年平均值来看,云南的中甸及四川的石渠、德格等地干旱指数处于低值区,属重旱区。贵州和广西及云南南部部分地区属易涝区。逐年的SPI 和Z指数结果大体一致,2000 年以后,干旱指数波动较大。通过REOF分析,Z指数的分布大致分为川西区、川东(包括渝)区、云贵(包括广西北部)区、广南四个区域。云贵区Z指数总体呈下降趋势,涝情呈减弱趋势;川西区在1964 年至1973 年间干旱严重,1995 年以后变化相对稳定,但干旱也时有发生;川东区旱涝变化不显著。经Hurst 指数分析,西南五省市未来的旱涝情况大致为干旱程度呈逐步加大的态势,洪涝程度呈较弱的逐步减小态势。     

珠江三角洲机动车排放控制措施协同效应分析

预测了2015年珠江三角洲机动车空气污染物和温室气体排放量,设计了6类单一控制、技术控制、结构控制以及综合控制措施的情景,并运用基准线年排放清单编制和协同效应坐标系法分析了污染物与温室气体减排的协同效应.结果表明,按目前机动车保有量增长趋势,2015年污染物和温室气体将以18%~120%的幅度增加;各控制措施下污染物和温室气体排放量均有下降,且均具有正向的协同效应,但减排的贡献差异较大.6类单一控制措施中淘汰黄标车和结构性控制措施分别对各污染物和温室气体的削减效果最明显,减排幅度均在40%以上,且正向协同效应突出,但相比其他措施,结构性控制措施实施难度大.     

日本琵琶湖污染源系统控制及其对我国湖泊治理的启示

琵琶湖富营养化全面有效的控制得益于对流域污染源的系统控制. 琵琶湖流域污染源系统控制包括通过立法与监管严格控制工厂与企业的污水排放、城镇污水管网与大型污水处理设施的高度覆盖、农业集落污水处理设施的全覆盖三部分,流域污水处理系统的全覆盖及高度处理技术的普及是其最为成功的经验之一. 琵琶湖流域城镇下水道普及率达86.4%,主要污染物——TN、TP及COD_Mn的去除率分别高达90.0%、98.7%及94.6%. 琵琶湖流域同时实施了净化槽普及、设置农业集落排水处理设施、初期雨水净化处理及农田循环灌溉等具有地方特色的面源治理对策. 通过综合治理,琵琶湖主要入湖污染负荷明显减少,与1985年相比,2012年COD_Mn点源污染负荷减少了76.8%,TN减少了45.5%,TP减少了65.6%. 与之比较,我国的湖泊治理存在的问题主要包括有针对性的地方排放标准的缺失及执法力度的不足、城镇污水深度处理及运营管理技术上的差距、面源污染对策的严重不足.      

Villains,victims, and heroes: Accounting for the roles human activity plays in LOPA scenarios

When a team is analyzing a LOPA scenario, the team needs to consider all three roles played by human interaction in the scenario: that of cause, as a result of human error; that of receptor, both in terms of safety impacts (inside the fence line) and community impacts (outside the fence line); and that of independent layer of protection (IPL), considering both administrative controls and human responses. Frequently, the nature of these three roles are inter-related, and setting guidance that is internally consistent is important to using LOPA to assess risk rather than as a means to game the analyses to simply achieve a wished-for result.A number of criteria have been proposed to quantify human involvement, typically as cause, as receptor, or as IPL. Establishing a framework to look at all three in a unified way is more likely to result in analyses that are consistent from scenario to scenario.This paper describes such a framework and presents it in a way that allows organizations to review their own criteria for quantifying human involvement in LOPA. It also examines some of the published LOPA criteria for human involvement and looks at them in terms of consistency of approach between evaluation of cause, receptor, and IPL. Finally the paper makes suggestions to use in calibrating LOPA methodologies to achieve consistent and believable results in terms of human interaction within and between scenarios that have worked for other organizations.     

A/O脱氮工艺实时控制对策的试验研究

以人工合成废水为研究对象,系统研究了提高A/O(anoxic/oxic)工艺氨氮和硝酸氮去除效率的实时控制对策.氨氮控制的本质是通过控制DO设定值和好氧区体积大小使出水氨氮浓度达标排放.硝酸氮控制的本质在于高效利用缺氧区反硝化潜力,为此建立了以调节内循环回流量或(和)外碳源投加量维持缺氧区末端硝酸氮浓度处于设定值的实时控制对策.系统控制采用两级结构,高水平监控层用来选择低水平执行层的设定值,而低水平执行层对DO值、好氧区体积、内循环回流量和外碳源投加量进行直接控制,试验表明上述控制对策可以显著提高系统脱氮效率,降低出水氨氮和硝酸氮浓度,并最大程度节约运行费用.