某大型机加车间数控机床减噪工程测试与分析研究

为研究大型机加车间噪声减噪工程现状效果和特点,选取某大型机加车间数控机床为研究对象,对其进行减噪工程治理,现场实测了治理前和治理后的噪声数据,并对噪声测量结果进行分析。研究结果表明:数控机床操作人员8 h连续等效A声级从治理前的89.2 dB(A),降到治理后的74.3 dB(A),降低了16.7%.;数控机床操作岗位位置测点,在加工1个机件的测量时间段里,噪声值从治理前的85.9 dB(A),降到治理后的55.1 dB(A),降低了33.85%;对机加车间现场布置了67个测点,在加工1个机件的测量时间段里进行测量,得到该车间噪声治理前和治理后噪声分布图;对数控机床减噪工程治理前和治理后的频谱进行了分析,得出治理前和治理后各自的最大声级所在频段不随距离的改变而改变,高频减噪效果显著。     

有机污染物生物降解途径控制反应的预测与优势菌选择模型的建立

本文把有机污染物生物降解途径的理论测和量化剖析相结合确定生物降解途径中的控制反应,给出控制反ＱＳＢＲ的概念模式。在此基础上上建立了Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐ．典型生物降解途径以应的ＱＳＢＲ模型,利用建立的模型指导１,２－１,４－二氯苯和１,２,４－三氯苯生物处理优势菌的选择。     

Development of controlled release formulations of imidacloprid employing novel nano-ranged amphiphilic polymers

Amphiphilic copolymers, synthesized from poly (ethylene glycols) and various aliphatic diacids, which self assemble into nano-micellar aggregates in aqueous media, were used to develop controlled release (CR) formulations of imidacloprid [1-(6 chloro-3-pyridinyl methyl)-N- nitro imidazolidin-2- ylideneamine] using encapsulation technique. High solubilisation power and low critical micelle concentration (CMC) of these amphiphilic polymers may increase the efficacy of formulations. Formulations were characterised by Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity and stability after accelerated storage test of the developed formulations were checked. The kinetics of imidacloprid release in water from the different formulations was studied. Release from the commercial formulation was faster than the CR formulations. The diffusion exponent (n value) of imidacloprid, in water ranged from 0.22 to 0.37 in the tested formulations. While the time taken for release of 50 % of imidacloprid ranged from 2.32 to 9.31 days for the CR formulations. The developed CR formulations can be used for efficient pest management in different crops.     

Transformations in carbon and nitrogen-forms in peat subjected to progressive thermal stress as revealed by analytical pyrolysis

To study the characteristic N-forms of humic-type materials, samples of sapric peat from Galicia (northern Spain) were heated at 350 °C for 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 s, and studied by Curie-point Py-GC/MS, solid-state CPMAS ¹³C-NMR and ¹⁵N-NMR spectroscopies. NMR analysis of the peat samples in the progressive heating stages showed the concentration of heterocyclic N-forms, the maximum structural transition amide-to-heterocyclic forms being observed in samples heated for 120 s (56% heterocyclic N and 34% aromatic C). Under more drastic conditions all N-forms were depleted. Correlation between spectroscopic and pyrolytic data betrayed specific pyrolytic markers for the different N-forms. The intensity of the ¹⁵N-NMR amide peak tended to be positively correlated to the yield of indoles, imidazoles and pyrazoles, and negatively correlated to those of benzonitriles and pyrazines. Analytical pyrolysis also showed a progressive enrichment in lipids and alkyl macromolecules with increasing heating intensity, and a decrease in lignin-derived, polysaccharide-derived and N-containing compounds. The relative abundance of non-methoxyphenolic aromatic compounds did not change. The N-compounds in peat samples unheated or heated for 60–90 s released methylpyrazole, dimethylpyrroline, methyldiphenylindole and pyrazole, whereas peat samples heated for 120 s mainly yielded methylpyrazine and methyldiphenylindole. Dimethylpyrroline and pyrazine prevailed in samples heated for 150 s, whereas samples heated for 180 s yielded mainly pyrrole. Pyrolysis data presented low possibilities for forecasting the extent of the O-alkyl domain, but reflected quantitatively the transformations in the lignin-like moiety. Both techniques coincide in pointing out the accumulation of a recalcitrant alkyl domain possibly derived from abiotic condensations or inherited lipid biomacromolecules.     

炼山对杉木人工幼林养分流失影响的定量研究

根据５ａ长期定位观察结果,本文应用两模型参数ｔ检验、弹性分析及边际分析法,探讨年时间序列对炼山与对照的杉木人工幼林养分流失的效应。ｔ检验表明,不同处理在年时间序列上的铵态氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮、磷酸盐、钾、有机质流失模型的Ｂ、Ａ参数存在显著差异。弹性分析和边际分析表明,年时间对不同处理的上述养分效应呈负效应,在炼山条件下,上述养分流失的弹性系数分别为－１．２１５％、－１．２１４％、－１．２１５％、－１．２１５％、－１．２４１％、－１．２１４％,上述养分流失的边际量分别为－０．３９４ｋｇ、－０．０３３ｋｇ、－０．３６５ｋｇ、－０．０２３ｋｇ、－３０．０１０ｋｇ、－５９．４２１ｋｇ。在不炼山处理下,上述养分流失的弹性系数分别为－０．８４２％、－０．８５１％、－０．８４４％、－０．８５４％、－０．８４５％、－０．８４１％,上述养分流失边际量分别为－０．１５９ｋｇ、－０．０１０ｋｇ、－０．０８５ｋｇ、－０．００６ｋｇ、－１２．０２４ｋｇ、－１７．７６７ｋｇ。     

Gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere at urban and remote sites in China

An investigation of gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere was conducted at Beijing and Guangzhou urban, Yangtze Delta regional sites and China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory (CGAWBO) in Mt. Waliguan of remote continental area of China. High temporal resolved data were obtained using automated mercury analyzer RA-915 . Results showed that the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations in Mt. Waliguan were 1.7± 1.1 ng/m3 in summer and 0.6±0.08 ng/m3 in winter. The concentration in Yangtze Delta regional site was 5.4±4.1 ng/m3, which was much higher than those in Waliguan continental background area and also higher than that found in North America and Europe rural areas. In Beijing urban area the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations were 8.3±3.6 ng/m3 in winter, 6.5±5.2 ng/m3 in spring, 4.9±3.3 ng/m3 in summer, and 6.7±3.5 ng/m3 in autumn, respectively, and the concentration was 13.5±7.1 ng/m3 in Guangzhou site. The mean concentration reached the lowest value at 14:00 and the highest at 02:00 or 20:00 in all monitoring campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou urban areas, which contrasted with the results measured in Yangtze Delta regional site and Mt. Waliguan. The features of concentration and diurnal variation of Hg0 in Beijing and Guangzhou implied the importance of local anthropogenic sources in contributing to the high Hg0 concentration in urban areas of China. Contrary seasonal variation patterns of Hg0 concentration were found between urban and remote sites. In Beijing the highest Hg0concentration was in winter and the lowest in summer, while in Mt. Waliguan the Hg0 concentration in summer was higher than that in winter. These indicated that different processes and factors controlled Hg0 concentration in urban, regional and remote areas.     

计划烧除的应用与研究

火作为一个重要的生态因子影响着生态系统的平衡。林火生态是计划烧除的理论基础,讨论作广科学家应用于营林,生态系统的保护和野动物的保护等方面。文中还对林地计划火烧的间隔期和计划划烧除的效果与评价作了阐述,并讨论了计划烧除在应用在存在的问题。     

城市污水污泥堆肥控制因素和腐熟度评价

堆肥化处理是城市污水污泥减量化、无害化和资源化的一种较为理想的处理方法,通过有效控制通风量、初始含水率、温度、C/N比、pH值和辅料的选择等影响因素,可以最终解决污泥的处置和利用问题,因此合理调整控制因素是污泥堆肥化处理的关键。国内外的腐熟度评价指标和方法很多,但目前仍未形成一种公认的腐熟度指标,国内以李承强等的堆肥腐熟度指标应用最为普遍,它把堆肥腐熟度指标划分为物理学指标、化学指标和生物学指标,腐熟度评价方法的正确选择和评价指标的合理确定将为污泥堆肥产品的农田利用提供强有力的技术支持。     

严格管控类耕地非食用植物镉修复效果评价

综述了国内外在烟草,树木(杨树、柳树、桑树),纤维植物(苎麻、棉花)和蓖麻等非食用植物修复土壤镉方面的研究与应用进展,综合分析其修复能力与经济效益,得出蓖麻和苎麻的修复效果最佳.针对严格管控类耕地土壤镉修复,提出了开展非食用植物修复大田试验示范、研发环境友好型辅助措施、优化种植结构调整生态补偿机制,以及及时开展耕地土壤...     

水稻缓释控释肥的增产效应与环保效应

在广东省范围内对水稻缓释控释肥进行大面积试验示范,结果表明,(1)移栽前每公顷一次基施“农科”水稻缓释控释肥525～750kg,其肥效完全可满足水稻本田期对养分的需求。与常规分次施肥比较,施用该缓释控释肥平均增加稻谷497．7kg／hm^2,增产率7．78％;其中,获显著增产的概率达69．4％,平产概率占28．6％,说明施用该水稻缓释控释肥增产效果稳定。(2)施用水稻缓释控释肥显著降低氮磷肥料的养分施用量。与常规分次施肥比较,早晚造平均减少氮素用量26．5％、磷素19．3％,表明水稻缓释控释肥不但显著减少肥料资源的浪费,而且减少了肥料养分流失造成的污染,对生态环境的保护具有重要的现实意义。