PREDICTIVE REAL TIME CONTROL OF SURCHARGED INTERCEPTORS: IMPACT OF SEVERAL CONTROL PARAMETERS1

ABSTRACT: A global predictive real time control strategy minimizing overflow volumes from combined sewers during rainfall was applied to control flows entering the Marigot interceptor (Laval, Canada) for 23 rain events that occurred in this urban area during the summer of 1989. Different surcharge intensities were allowed in the sewer. The duration of the control horizon as well as the location and number of control regulators were varied to assess the impact of these parameters on total overflow volumes and on control safety. Due to the high propagation speed of flow waves in pressurized conduits, it was found that five‐ minute control horizons were sufficient to ensure control performance and safety when important surcharges were permitted in the interceptor and when the controlled regulators were located where pressurized flow occurred. It was also found that it is possible to reduce the number of controlled regulators by placing them at locations intercepting the largest volumes of water during rain periods.     

Controlled-release formulations of cyromazine-lignin matrix coated with ethylcellulose

An encapsulation system was developed and designed to give long-lasting effectiveness of the insect growth regulator cyromazine. Cyromazine was incorporated in lignin-poly (ethylene glycol) (PE) controlled-release formulations by means of a melting process. The basic formulation [lignin (65%)–PE (20%)–cyromazine (15%)] was coated in a Wurster-type fluidized-bed equipment using two different amounts of ethylcellulose. That of the highest one was modified by the addition of a plasticizer, dibutyl sebacate (DBS). The effect on cyromazine release rate caused by the incorporation of ethylcellulose and DBS in lignin-PE formulation was studied by immersion of the granules in water under static conditions. Using an empirical equation, the time taken for 50% of the active ingredient to be released into water (T₅₀) was calculated. From the analysis of the T₅₀ values, the influence of ethylcellulose appears clearly defined, observing a delay in release rate of cyromazine with respect to the basic lignin-PE formulation. In addition, the granules coated with ethylcellulose and the plasticizer lead the slowest release rate into water. The release of cyromazine into water is controlled by a diffusion mechanism. The thickness and permeability of the coating film are the most important factors that affect cyromazine release.     

贝叶斯网络在CFIT风险评价中的应用

针对事故树分析法(FTA)在风险评价中的局限性,在可控飞行撞地(CFIT)事故树的基础上,建立贝叶斯网络(BN).运用推理运算对贝叶斯网络进行定量分析,通过分析计算数据,寻找主要事故致因,并提出对应的改进措施.再将改进措施引入到贝叶斯网络中,评价相关措施的有效性.结果表明,改进措施后,高度设置错误的后验概率最大,将成为预防CFIT的工作重点.最后指出贝叶斯网络方法是对传统的基于故障树分析的风险评价方法的有益改进.     

t分布受控遗传算法优化BP神经网络的PM2.5质量浓度预测

根据齐齐哈尔大学监测点2014年3—5月PM2?5质量浓度及其对应的每小时的气象因素、气体污染物浓度,建立基于t分布受控遗传算法的BP神经网络模型（ BPM?TCG）,对PM2?5质量浓度进行模拟预测。并将其与BP神经网络模型、遗传算法优化BP神经网络模型（ BP?GA）进行对比分析。3种模型预测结果表明：BPM?TCG模型预测精度最高,泛化能力最好。 BPM?TCG模型对PM2?5质量浓度的准确预测为预防和控制PM2?5提供依据。     

Applications of natural polysaccharide-based beads for slow release herbicide formulation

This work deals with the use of polysaccharide-based beads for controlled release of the herbicide atrazine. This article discusses the release of the herbicide atrazine from neem-alginate-clay-based beads. Formulation characteristics such as entrapment efficiency, bead size, and diffusion mechanism for release of atrazine have been evaluated.     

Defining practical and robust study designs for interventions targeted at terrestrial mammalian predators

Conflicts between humans and mammalian predators are globally widespread and increasing, creating a long-lasting challenge for conservation and local livelihoods. Protection interventions, which are essential to conflict mitigation, should be based on solid evidence of effectiveness produced by robust study designs. Yet, it is unclear what study designs have been used in predator-targeted interventions and how they can be improved to provide best practices for replications. I examined how applications of five study designs (before-after, before-after-control-impact, control-impact, crossover [i.e., the same randomly assigned study units acting as treatments and controls during alternating trials], and randomized controlled trial) have changed over time and how these changes are related to authors, predator species, countries, and intervention types (aversion, husbandry, mixed interventions, invasive management, lethal control, and noninvasive management). I applied multinomial regression modeling to 434 cases (28 predator species and 45 countries) from 244 studies published from 1955 to 2020. Study design was related only to intervention type. Less reliable before-after and control-impact studies were the most common (47.7% and 38.2% of cases, respectively), and their use increased over years as did all interventions. The contribution of the most robust before-after-control-impact (7.4%), randomized controlled trial (5.3%), and crossover designs (1.4%) remained minor over time. Crossover is suitable for aversion, most husbandry techniques, and a few other interventions, but crossover interventions also have the most limitations in terms of applicability. Randomized controlled trial is generally applicable, but impractical or inappropriate for some interventions, and before-after-control-impact appears to be the most widely applicable study design for predator-targeted interventions.     

包膜控释和常用氮肥氮素淋溶特征及其对土水质量的影响

大量施用氮素化肥所引起的氮素损失和环境污染正日益受到重视。通过土柱模拟氮素养分的淋洗试验,探讨包膜控释氮肥和常用氮肥的氮素淋失特点及其对土壤和地下水质量的影响。研究结果表明,不同氮肥施入土壤后氮素的淋失率有着显著的差异,其中硝酸钾中氮素淋失率最高,其次为尿素,硫酸铵和碳铵的氮素淋失量明显较小。然而控释氮肥因其控制释放的特点,在氮素释放的高峰期,其模拟淋失量较高,但如果在田间条件下此释放高峰期与作物吸肥高峰期相吻合,则会显著地降低其淋失率。除尿素外,被淋失的氮素均以硝态氮为主,尿素则以酰胺分子态被淋溶。大量速效化肥的施入会形成土壤中的肥料"微域点",引起交换性Ca2+、Mg2+离子的淋失,从长远来看可引起土壤结构的破坏,而施用控释肥则很少形成这种"微域点",有利于土壤结构和肥力的维持。不同氮肥处理淋洗后对土壤pH值和有效氮含量变化的影响差异较大,其中以控释肥对土壤pH值变化的影响较小。大多数氮肥处理在淋洗后,土壤中各层速效氮含量较淋洗前有所降低,然而两种控释氮肥处理的土壤表层却能持续保持较高的有效氮含量。     

地下水氮污染原位修复缓释碳源材料的研发与物化-生境协同特性

地下水流速及物质间反应均处于缓慢状态,因此向地下水环境中投加的修复材料应具有缓释性.本研究针对浅层地下水特性及氮赋存特征,以农业废弃物和零价铁(Fe0)为基料,耦合生物、化学反应,开展具有物化-生境协同作用的缓释碳源材料的研发和性能研究.所研发材料具有内核和外壳双层结构.内核为修复基质层,由农业废弃物与Fe0等原料组成.其中,农业废弃物提供微生物所需碳源,Fe0还原水体中硝酸盐氮及DO,快速脱氮并促进厌氧环境形成.外壳为溶质运移渗透层,由原生矿物等组成,可包覆内核材料,减缓内核碳源释放、吸附二次污染物.材料物理测试显示,其内核均匀交联,外壳呈明显均匀孔隙结构(SEM),颗粒强度高达每颗80~105 N,具有良好的机械抗压性;材料密度最低可达1.1 g·cm~(-3),无水中漂浮现象;缓释实验表明,该材料具有良好的碳源缓释性,其总有机碳(TOC)释放量[Max:21~25 mg·(g·L)~(-1)]和速率[Max:0.185 mg·(g·L·d)~(-1)]始终呈现平稳状态,而农业废弃物释碳量[Max:53~75 mg·(g·L)~(-1)]及速率[Max:0.455mg·(g·L·d)~(-1)]波动较大.进一步功能基因丰度分析,材料浸出液有利于反硝化细菌代谢活动.脱氮和捕氧实验初期,该材料体系以Fe0化学脱氮为主,并降低水体DO,有利于反硝化进行;随后,生物反硝化占主导地位,材料脱氮率与其Fe0含量相关性变小,体系形成物化-生境协同脱氮途径.