DEVELOPING A FIELD COMPONENT IN HYDROLOGIC EDUCATION1

ABSTRACT: Recent assessments have emphasized the lack of a field and laboratory component in hydrologic education at the university level. Consequences of this lack include: (1) an unwarranted faith in published data; (2) lack of appreciation for the spatial and temporal variability of most hydrologic processes; (3) lack of appreciation for the difficulty of collecting good quality field data; (4) an inability to design and execute projects to collect field data; (5) a lack of field experience which can be applied when confronted with different problems or new environments; (6) an inability to evaluate published materials or models against “field reality;” (7) an excessive reliance on, and trust in, theoretical or conceptual models; and (8) reduced potential for lifelong learning through observation and analysis. Field courses need not be costly or difficult, but the instructor must be willing to adapt to the uncertainty and problems associated with field measurements. A recently updated course on watershed measurements at Colorado State University illustrates the type of field courses which can be developed if there is the necessary commitment and flexibility. The lack of a current text can be overcome by assembling selected portions of existing government documents, and a sample bibliography is included.     

SITING OF A WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITY AT JAMESTOWN,RHODE ISLAND1

ABSTRACT: The town of Jamestown, Rhode Island, located on Conanicut Island in Narragansett Bay, is constructing a secondary treatment plant in order to comply with NPDES regulations. Twelve candidate sites for the plant and marine outfall were initially proposed, and ability to meet State water quality standards at these sites was evaluated using an EPA buoyant plume model. A final outfall site, Taylor Point, was selected by the Town from among the sites considered acceptable. Taylor Point was then subjected to field hydrographic studies including drogue tracking, current recordings, and tracer dye surveys. Results of the measurement program served as input to a two-dimensional effluent dispersion model which predicted excess BOD, coliform, and suspended solids resulting from effluent discharge off Taylor Point. The model predictions demonstrated that State water quality standards can be maintained outside the initial discharge plume.     

THERMAL MAPPING OF STREAMS FROM AIRBORNE RADIOMETRIC SCANNING1

This paper begins with a brief review of radiation theory as applied to water temperature determinations. Errors introduced in “radiant” temperature measurements due to nonblackness of the water surface and the effects of the atmosphere are included in this discussion. The airborne scanner system is described. Analysis and display of scanner data using the Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing (LARS) display system are discussed. Thermal maps of four sections of the Wabash River are included and points of interest of each map are discussed in the text.     

矿井外因火灾计算机控制及有待解决的若干问题

针对矿井外因火灾,评价了计算机技术在矿井火灾防治应用中的研究现状,阐述了发展矿井火灾计算机控制技术的重要意义及其应用前景。同时,指出了进一步发展矿井火灾计算机控制技术中有待解决的问题     

山阳中学滑坡稳定分析及治理方案的优选

山阳中学滑坡位于陕西省山阳县城以东2.5km处,自1984年以来,出现多次局部滑动现象.本文在分析该滑坡基本特征的基础上提出了滑坡治理方案,通过对三种方案在造价、环境影响、施工难度和未来发展的要求等方面的比较,提出了推荐方案.     

论整治工程与滑坡地质体的密切结合

滑坡结构体特征是其治理方案论证的基本依据,只有紧密结合滑坡结构特征进行工程设计,才能充分发挥地质体的自稳能力,才能通过设防关键位置、关键滑坡块等来稳定整个坡体.从查明滑坡地质体特征出发,阐明了在滑坡治理中如何依据滑坡性质和主控因素确定滑坡整治方案,如何依据滑动面特征确定整治工程类型;进而讨论了滑坡设防工程的最佳位置和关键滑动面,指出整治工程与滑坡地质勘察相结合是实现滑坡防治优化设计、提高防治效果的重要环节.     

农村居民点用地问题研究--以安徽宣城市为例

引入距离指数、分散度等定量指标,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,从用地数量、布局等方面对宣城市农村居民点用地现状进行了阐述,在此基础上对农村居民点用地存在的主要问题进行了深入分析与探讨,并针对存在的问题提出相应的对策及建议.其研究结果不但为农村居民点用地整理的开展、农村社区生态环境的改善等提供了理论参考,而且对土地利用总体规划的修编提供了重要参考价值.     

基于最大Lyapunov指数分析的尾矿坝浸润线控制混沌方法

为了改善尾矿坝浸润线状况，提出了一种控制混沌方法。该方法对时间序列叠加一个周期振动，通过最大Lyapunov指数分析，来判别叠加前后系统混沌特性的变化，进而实现控制混沌。应用这种方法，分析了银山铅锌矿尾矿坝浸润线实测数据。结果表明，叠加周期振动可以降低最大Lyapunov指数。最大Lyapunov指数的降低程度与振动周期成负相关，与振幅成正相关。采用控制混沌方法，即对尾矿排放、库水位调节、排渗、不同尾矿库的使用等措施进行周期性控制，可以提高尾矿坝安全度，实现尾矿坝科学管理。中还以防洪高度为例，具体分析了尾矿坝工程中的控制混沌，表明该方法在应用上是可行的。     

强夯振动效应研究

为了认识和评估强夯振动效应，用地震监测方法对强夯施工重锤触地产生的地震振动、地震波的传播规律进行分析研究。根据实际地震监测结果．给出了重锤触地产生的地震振动速度公式V=0.129(3√I/R)^1.64，在分析冲击振动产生机理的基础上提出了相应的振动控制措施。对强夯地震信号所做的频谱分析表明，重锤触地激发地震波的振动频率在7～30Hz，主频在15～20Hz的范围内，主频高于一般建筑物的固有频率。结果可供强夯施工及预测强夯地震振动强度做参考。     

郯庐断裂带（安徽段）浅层地下水水化学特征、控制因素及水质评价

为研究郯庐断裂带（安徽段）地下水的水化学特征、控制因素和地下水质量.在郯庐断裂带周边的江淮波状平原区、沿江丘陵平原区和皖西山地共采集了86组地下水,综合运用描述性统计、Piper图、Gibbs图、离子比例分析、饱和指数、氯碱指数和熵权水质指数（EWQI）等方法,开展了地下水的水化学特征及控制因素研究,评价了地下水的质量.结果表明,郯庐断裂带（安徽段）周边浅层地下水呈弱碱性,地下水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca·Mg和HCO₃-Na·Ca型为主.水岩相互作用控制地下水化学组分的形成,硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩风化作用控制了地下水化学组分的形成.强烈的阳离子交替吸附作用是引起Na⁺富集的重要因素.研究区地下水整体质量较好,但受到一定程度人类活动的污染,江淮波状平原和沿江丘陵平原大部分地下水不适合直接饮用.研究结果对郯庐断裂带（安徽段）周边浅层地下水资源可持续开发利用和环境保护具有重要意义.