磷酸活性炭自燃过程反应动力学研究

为研究磷酸活性炭的自燃危险性,以自制的磷酸活性炭(活化温度为300,500和700℃)为考察对象,利用同步热分析仪(STA)对活性炭氧化放热动力学进行试验研究。根据在2,5,10和20℃/min等4种不同升温速率下得到的活性炭DSC/TG曲线,结合Friedman-Reich-Levi动力学方法对反应过程中可能存在的反应机理进行初步判断。研究表明,随着活化温度的升高,活性炭的起始放热温度和最大放热温度随之升高;活性炭整个氧化反应过程中,活化能随着转化率的改变呈现一定规律性变化;碳氧化学反应和气体扩散共同影响活性炭氧化过程,且在不同阶段对氧化的贡献不同。     

偶氮二异丁腈热安全性分析与评估

为获得偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)在各种热应力条件下的危险参数,通过简化的压力容器试验测试AIBN的热分解激烈性等级,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和绝热量热仪(ARC)对AIBN的热分解过程进行研究,用动力学与热稳定性分析软件AKTS计算动力学参数在整个反应进程中的变化情况,并根据ARC测试结果推算自加速分解温度(TSADT)。结果表明:AIBN的热分解激烈性为Ⅱ类,易呈现爆炸特性;其初始分解温度和TSADT很低,分别约为78℃和61℃,且分解放热过程和熔融吸热过程同时发生。因此,在AIBN的生产、使用、贮存和运输等过程中应加强温度监控,并根据实际情况采取降温措施。     

工业射线探伤的安全防护

首先介绍射线对机体的伤害,再从安全技术层面介绍了控制区划分、屏蔽物透射量的计算射线安全防护的方法,并且从实际应用出发分别举例说明操作人员允许接受的职业辐射剂量的规定和区域控制及屏蔽物投射量在工程的计算应用;从安全管理层面介绍了对工作人员的要求、安全管理制度及宣传和培训的安全管理的射线防护方法.工业射线防护总的原则是防止射线发生有害的非随机效应、限制随机效应的发生率在被认为是可以接受的水平范围之内,从而尽量降低射线造成的危害.     

煤矿硫化氢异常富集主控因素的广义灰色关联分析

为了探究煤矿硫化氢异常富集主控因素,以陕西彬长小庄矿4#煤层为研究对象,通过分析煤层热演化温度、吸附特性、孔隙特征、全硫含量以及还原性指数等影响煤体自身物化性质的主控因素,并运用灰色系统理论构建广义灰色关联度评价模型,以定量的方式确定各因素的广义关联度大小。结果表明:当煤层硫化氢浓度由08×10-6升高至6×10-6时,对应热演化温度、吸附常数、BET比面积、全硫含量以及还原性指数变化范围分别为:96~113 ℃,288~362,0412 5 ~0986 4 m2·g-1,021%~088%,31~85,主控因素综合关联度排序为:还原性指数＞吸附常数＞全硫含量＞热演化温度＞BET比表面积。     

鲁中南岩溶塌陷区岩溶水污染途径研究

在鲁中南岩溶发育区,由于过量开采岩溶地下水,岩溶塌陷频繁发生,岩溶地下水也受到不同程度的污染。在岩溶塌陷区,岩溶地下水污染与岩溶塌陷有着密切联系。岩溶塌陷的条件、规模、频度、塌陷的时空阶段性等都直接影响岩溶地下水的污染程度。根据岩溶水的补给途径,岩溶水污染途径主要有四种:面状垂直渗透污染、带状侧向渗漏污染、点状塌陷坑灌入污染和超采岩溶水激发越流污染,不同的污染途径其污染源也不相同。要防止岩溶水污染,必须从根本上解决岩溶塌陷问题,切断污染途径,加强岩溶塌陷的防治和监测,从而保证岩溶水资源可持续发展。     

Study of county-level low-carbon standards in China based on carbon emissions per capita

ABSTRACT

Low-carbon development is an essential measure to combat climate change, and the establishment of low-carbon standards is an important means to achieve low-carbon development. Due to the differences in size and development level among counties of China, the applicability and fairness of county-level low-carbon standards are very important in this country. This study analyzed the trends of county-level carbon emissions in China, defined the peak value of carbon emissions per capita, summarized the characteristics of existing low-carbon standards, and proposed a fair county-level low-carbon standard based on carbon emissions per capita. The results of our analysis suggest that, under the constraints of carbon emissions reduction policies, China’s carbon emissions per capita will tend towards a stable range. Additionally, by referring to predictions results of the peak value of China’s carbon emissions per capita, it was determined that, in low-carbon development targets, China’s county-level carbon emissions per capita should be set within the range of 2–4 tons. Besides setting low-carbon standards, the Chinese government and private enterprises should develop low-carbon technologies as soon as possible and innovate management models to achieve the win–win situation of simultaneous economic growth and carbon emissions reduction.     

Hematoxicity and hepatoxicity attributed to zinc and cadmium in the Norwegian rat

This study was carried out to determine changes in the blood and liver of rats given oral doses of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn). Thirty 3 month old rats were kept six to a compartment in a well-demarcated five compartment cage labeled A, B, C, D, and E. After 2 weeks of acclimatization, and with ad libitum administration of water and feed, group A and B rats were, respectively, exposed to 100 mg CdSO₄ and 2200 mg ZnSO₄, respectively, mixed with their feed. Group C rats were fed with a combination of 100 mg CdSO₄ and 2200 mg ZnSO₄ mixed with their feed, while group D rats were exposed to 100 mg CdSO₄ mixed with their feed for 48 h, and after they were given 2200 mg ZnSO₄ for 96 h. Group E rats served as control and were fed a normal diet. Analysis of blood samples after 5 days showed that in rats of groups A, B, C, and D, WBC count increased from 6800 to 12,400 mm^?3 and platelets from 26,000 to 88,000 mm^?3. Reduction in blood counts were found for RBC from 13.8 to 4.7 × 10⁶ mm^?3, hemoglobin from 15.6 to 11.4 dL^?1, and PCV from 47 to 34%. ESR was the same 1.0 mm h^?1 in all groups. Severe damage to the liver was also shown by severe degeneration of hepatocytes and increase in Kuppfer cells. The above observations were mildest in the liver of group C rats. A reduction of body weight was observed in all treatment groups. Cd and Zn were found to be hematoxic and hepatotoxic in the Norwegian rat with Cd exhibiting greater toxicity than Zn. Toxicity of Cd was suppressed by Zn only when both metals were admistered at the same time, but a delay in intake of Zn (after 48 h) had little effect on Cd toxicity.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液对小鼠遗传毒性和肝肾功能的影响

对垃圾填埋过程中产生的渗滤液的遗传毒性及其对肝肾功能的影响进行了初步研究. 选用经口急性毒性试验和微核试验,以某垃圾卫生填埋场2005年11月渗滤液为受试物,ICR纯种小鼠为受试对象,设置高、中、低3个浓度(即渗滤液原液,10倍稀释液和100倍稀释液)渗滤液染毒组和对照组,取小鼠眼静脉血测定总胆红素(TBIL)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST) 、血清肌酐(Cr)和血尿酸氮(BUN)5项生化指标,探讨渗滤液诱发小鼠肝肾及遗传损伤. 结果表明,高、中浓度组小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞的微核率分别为18.8‰和3.8‰,与阴性对照组相比,2组的微核率显著增加(n10,P<0.05). 血清生化分析表明,中、高浓度组谷丙转氨酶(ALT)分别为70.4和70.0 U/L,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);渗滤液低、中、高浓度组谷草转氨酶(AST)分别为247.1,255.1和281.6 U/L,与对照组相比,3个浓度组的差别均具有统计学意义(P<0.01).整体动物试验水平表明,渗滤液可能对哺乳动物具有遗传损伤效应,对肝功能也可能会产生一定的影响.      

竹园污水厂闭式双泥龄工艺活性污泥数学模型的参数研究

竹园第二污水厂采用一种闭式双泥龄新型工艺。以活性污泥1号模型(ASM1)为基础,测定污水厂的进水水质特性参数、异养菌产率系数(YH)和异养菌衰减系数(bH),为后续工艺模型的建立和校正提供基础数据。结果表明:竹园第二污水厂进水易生物降解有机物(Ss)、慢速生物降解有机物(Xs)、溶解态惰性有机物(SI)、异养菌(XBH)、颗粒态惰性有机物(XI)占总COD的平均比值分别为20.0%、32.1%、17.4%、9.6%、20.9%。进水氨氮(SNH)、溶解态可生物降解有机氮(SND)、颗粒态可生物降解有机氮(XND)占TN的平均比值分别为71.5%、10.0%、18.5%。闭式双泥龄工艺平行组合中的传统活性污泥池和A/O池分支的异养菌产率系数(YH)分别为0.68和0.78,异养菌衰减系数(bH)分别为0.501 d-1和0.621 d-1。     

用膜结构参数模型评价溶解性有机物分子量分布对超滤膜污染的影响研究

研究了不同预处理对原水分子量分布的改变和对膜透水通量的影响,用膜污染的结构参数模型,评价了分子量分布对平均孔径和膜孔密度的影响。结果表明:(1)经过不同的预处理后,原水的分子量分布有所改变,混凝对大分子量有机物去除率较高,PAC吸附对小分子量有机物去除率较高,臭氧PAC联用预处理使大分子量有机物和小分子量有机物均有所去除。(2)分子量分布对膜通量影响较大。(3)通过试验并应用膜结构参数模型,评价了分子量分布对膜平均孔径和膜孔密度的影响,表明小分子量有机物易引起孔内吸附,大分子量有机物容易在膜面附着。