Particulate matter emissions and gaseous air toxic pollutants from commercial meat cooking operations

This study assessed the effectiveness of three novel control technologies for particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compound (VOC) removal from commercial meat cooking operations. All experiments were conducted using standardized procedures at University of California, Riverside''s commercial test cooking facility. PM mass emissions collected using South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Method 5.1, as well as a dilution tunnel-based PM method showed statistically significantly reductions for each control technology when compared to baseline testing (i.e., without a catalyst). Overall, particle number emissions decreased with the use of control technologies, with the exception of control technology 2 (CT2), which is a grease removal technology based on boundary layer momentum transfer (BLMT) theory. Particle size distributions were unimodal with CT2 resulting in higher particle number populations at lower particle diameters. Organic carbon was the dominant PM component (> 99%) for all experiments. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the most abundant carbonyl compounds and showed reductions with the application of the control technologies. Some reductions in mono-aromatic VOCs were also observed with CT2 and the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) CT3 compared to the baseline testing.     

静电油烟净化器对餐饮油烟中醛酮类VOCs的去除

利用2,4-二硝基苯肼（DNPH）硅胶管采集了9家餐饮企业静电油烟净化装置处理前后的醛酮类VOCs样品,并采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）进行分析.结果表明,9家餐饮企业处理前后的油烟中醛酮类VOCs浓度范围分别为419.5~3372,415.8~2934μg/m³,经过基准风量折算后的浓度分别为783.4~3761和541.7~2997μg/m³,VOCs排放浓度与烹饪方式、实际使用灶头数和排风量有关.从排放的醛酮类VOCs的种类来看,C1~C3化合物的浓度占检测到的总羰基的66%以上,且甲醛占比最高,其次是乙醛;C4~C8化合物的含量相对较低.静电式油烟净化器对醛酮类VOCs的平均净化效率为31.82%,最高可达69.14%,其中对甲醛的净化效果最佳,平均为35.21%,最高达80.10%.复合式静电油烟净化器的净化效果要稍好于单一静电油烟净化器.     

城市餐饮业油烟污染状况的分析与对策

通过对本区餐饮油烟污染状况的调查，结果表明多麦子弹位未采用净化施备或存在缺陷不能达标排放，建议环保部门在加强监管，强化市场准入制度，建立清洗队伍同时火力开发高效优质油烟净化设备。     

油烟净化设备分类及特性

按油烟净化设备的发展历程对其进行了分类 ,并分别介绍了其工作原理及特点     

民用固体燃料及烹调油烟杂环胺排放及健康风险评价

模拟了典型固体燃料的民用燃烧及家庭烹饪食用油过程,分别采用烟尘罩稀释采样系统和小型烟尘罩采集烟气.利用高效液相色谱-紫外检测法测定了5种典型致癌杂环胺的排放特征.估算了2012年杂环胺排放量及不同情景下妇女炊事吸入杂环胺的致癌风险.结果表明,秸秆、薪柴、烟煤、无烟煤燃烧2-氨基-3-甲基-9H-吡啶[2,3-b]吲哚（MeAaC）排放因子均值为5.2~142.9μg/kg、2-氨基-9H-吡啶[2,3-b]吲哚（AaC）排放因子为0.6~37.8μg/kg,2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶（PhIP）排放因子为1.5~25.9μg/kg.植物油烹调MeAaC和2-氨基-3-甲基咪唑并（4,5-f）喹啉（IQ）排放因子均值分别为6.8μg/kg和1.5μg/kg.动物油烹调MeAaC、2-氨基-3,4-二甲基-3H-咪唑并喹啉（MeIQ）和AaC排放因子均值分别为6.2μg/kg、2.0μg/kg和1.1μg/kg.秸秆使用分别占PhIP、MeAaC和AaC 排放的93.0%、76.2%和76.2%.薪柴使用占AaC、MeAaC和PhIP排放的22.1%、7.7%和4.0%.烟煤使用占MeAaC、 PhIP和AaC排放的15.9%、2.8%和1.8%.健康风险评价表明,在缺乏有效排烟的情况下,使用烟煤（哈尔滨）或秸秆炊事的家庭妇女暴露于杂环胺总致癌风险分别为4.60×10^-5和1.84×10^-5,超过EPA建议值.使用薪柴或烟煤（包头）炊事的家庭妇女暴露于杂环胺总致癌风险分别为4.50×10^-6和4.31×10^-6,略高于EPA建议值.使用无烟煤及电能炊事妇女暴露于杂环胺总致癌风险为可忽略水平.     

Species-level study on arsenic availability from dietary components

Arsenic (As) contaminated water and foodstuffs are of major concern. Samples of drinking–cooking water (n = 50), raw rice (n = 50), common vegetables (eight types), and common pulses (three types) were collected from households in the endemic region. The study found up to 70% As reduction by using safe water for cooking of rice and vegetables. Speciation study reflected more arsenate than arsenite and other organic arsenicals in all the types of samples. Male intake of 293 μg As through drinking water contained 38 μg arsenite and 246 μg arsenate, and female intake of 199 μg As contained 167 μg arsenate and 25 μg arsenite. In cooked rice, 108 μg As contained 69 μg arsenate and 17 μg arsenite with 9 μg dimethylarsonic acid (DMA). Total As consumption from cooked vegetables was 45 μg with 34 and 4 μg of arsenite and arsenate, respectively, and 5 μg of DMA. Data indicate that cooking with As-free water removes arsenic in already contaminated foodstuffs but without interconversion of the As species, from toxic inorganic to less toxic organic forms.     

A process model to estimate the cost of industrial scale biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by supercritical transesterification

This paper describes the conceptual design of a production process in which waste cooking oil is converted via supercritical transesterification with methanol to methyl esters (biodiesel).Since waste cooking oil contains water and free fatty acids, supercritical transesterification offers great advantage to eliminate the pre-treatment capital and operating cost.A supercritical transesterification process for biodiesel continuous production from waste cooking oil has been studied for three plant capacities (125,000; 80,000 and 8000 tonnes biodiesel/year). It can be concluded that biodiesel by supercritical transesterification can be scaled up resulting high purity of methyl esters (99.8%) and almost pure glycerol (96.4%) attained as by-product.The economic assessment of the biodiesel plant shows that biodiesel can be sold at US$ 0.17/l (125,000 tonnes/year), US$ 0.24/l (80,000 tonnes/year) and US$ 0.52/l for the smallest capacity (8000 tonnes/year).The sensitive key factors for the economic feasibility of the plant are: raw material price, plant capacity, glycerol price and capital cost.Overall conclusion is that the process can compete with the existing alkali and acid catalyzed processes.Especially for the conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel, the supercritical process is an interesting technical and economical alternative.     

北京市城区大气羰基化合物的季节变化

2006年8月19～22日（夏季）、 10月24～30日（秋季）和2007年1月20～23日（冬季）,利用被动式扩散采样器(DSD-DNPH)对北京市城区5个地点C₁～C₁₀羰基化合物进行了采样.通过高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)分析, 20种羰基化合物被检测出,在夏季、秋季和冬季其总浓度分别为(89.1±23.6)、(85.2±17.5)和(40.0±9.8) μg/m³.其中,甲醛、乙醛和丙酮是浓度最高的3种羰基化合物,它们的浓度从冬季的(7.1±2.1)、(10.3±3.1)、(9.5±1.8) μg/m³增长到夏季的(15.3±9.2)、(12.9±4.9)、(13.3±3.5) μg/m³和秋季的(13.2±4.0)、(13±4.4)、(15.3±4.0) μg/m³.定性分析表明,羰基化合物的污染来源,冬季主要是机动车污染,而夏季和秋季则是来自光化学反应、机动车和餐馆油烟的综合污染.此外,在风速较大、扩散条件较好的条件下,甲醛、乙醛和丙酮等主要污染物浓度明显降低,表明扩散条件对羰基化合物浓度的影响较明显.     

某雪糕板厂污水处理及循环回用工程

雪糕板厂的蒸煮废水中的有机物质占88．8％～91．2％,无机物质占11．2％～8．8％。有机物主要是碳水化合物、糖类、木素、树脂类等。废水中不溶性杂质以悬浮或胶体状态存在。废水经过物理化学处理后,采用生化处理,本工程采用复合酸化、混凝沉淀、接触氧化、气浮、过滤及消毒的污水处理及回用水处理工艺,使该污水处理后循环回用于蒸煮,实现废水的封闭循环。     

A/O-MBR处理餐饮废水过程中DOM特性解析

借助凝胶过滤色谱(GFC)分子量测定技术和三维荧光(EEM)光谱技术,对厌氧微网与好氧平板膜-生物反应器(A/O-MBR)联合处理餐饮废水过程中各阶段的溶解性有机物(DOM)及污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的性质进行研究。分子量研究表明:好氧段污泥滤液的GFC谱图中在10 min以前有大分子物质析出,分析是微生物代谢产物;且随着处理过程的进行水样DOM中的分子量分布范围不断变宽。EEM光谱研究表明:进水、好氧段出水、好氧段污泥滤液的DOM中的2种主要荧光物质为高激发波长类色氨酸和可见区类富里酸,而厌氧段出水中仅有高激发波长类色氨酸,且峰强较强。同时,厌氧段出水中在形成可见区类富里酸的区域内有成峰趋势,分析是由较强的类色氨酸峰的掩蔽作用造成的。好氧段污泥EPS中存在3个明显的荧光峰,指示了色氨酸和腐殖酸的存在。