Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

厚壁管变形横波周向超声检测工艺及缺陷定位系统开发

在理论研究的基础上，利用试块对厚壁管变型横波与折射横波检测灵敏度进行了比较，证实了变型横波在厚壁管件中的检测灵敏度高于折射横波；设计开发计算软件，实现缺陷进行自动定位，大大提高现场检测效率和定位精度。     

Cadna/A噪声预测软件在火电厂工程环评中的应用

火电厂较一般的工业项目源强较多,以某35万千瓦超临界间接空冷火电厂为例,采用Cadna/A噪声预测软件预测了投产后产生的噪声影响,预测结果表明火电厂企业采取相应的降噪措施后,厂界噪声能够满足《工业企业厂界环境噪声排放标准》(GB12348-2008)中的3类标准要求,对环境敏感点昼夜噪声预测值能满足《声环境质量标准》(GB3096-2008)的2类标准要求,说明该项目的降噪设计可行。     

两种不锈钢在冷却塔冷凝酸液中的耐蚀性能

目的分析304不锈钢和316L不锈钢在电厂冷却塔内海水及烟气形成的模拟冷凝酸液环境中的耐蚀性能。方法利用浸泡试验和电化学试验方法测试两种不锈钢在模拟冷凝酸液中的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀率和极化曲线。结果 304不锈钢在模拟冷凝酸液中的耐蚀性能较差,其腐蚀率及钝态稳定性受冷凝酸液pH值的影响较大;316L不锈钢在模拟冷凝酸液中的耐蚀性能较好,其腐蚀率及钝态稳定性受冷凝酸液pH值的影响较小。结论 316L不锈钢在冷却塔冷凝酸液中的耐蚀性能明显优于304不锈钢。     

中小城市污水排水问题及对策研究

为解决中小城市污水排水问题,进一步加强城市排水管理,改善城市水环境,杜绝雨污混排,提高污水处理率,分析和探讨了中小城市在污水排水系统建设、管理、维护中存在的问题,针对排水法规不健全、污水管网不完善、雨污分流难、管理不到位等问题进行原因分析,提出加强排水制度建设、加快排水设施的建设、加强排水管理、加强宣传教育等措施.     

给水管网建设工程对环境的影响与污染防治措施研究

管网工程对环境的影响主要表现为施工期。施工过程将对声环境、环境空气、生态环境、社会环境等产生不同程度的影响。供热管网施工过程中,由于管网铺设、开挖将可能破坏地表植被。同时,施工产生的临时弃土,若处理不当,将可能产生水土流失;同时工程拆迁及施工期各类污染物的排放影响居民生活质量,以及管线敷设管沟填埋前将对居民出行产生一定影响。结合给水管网建设工程的特点,从施工期分析给水管网建设项目对环境的影响及需采取的污染防治措施。     

Mitigation of CO2 Emissions from the EU-15 Building Stock. Beyond the EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (9 pp)

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Goal Scope and Background. The European Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings which came into force 16 December 2002 will be implemented in the legislation of Member States by 4 January 2006. In addition to the aim of improving the overall energy efficiency of new buildings, large existing buildings will become a target for improvement, as soon as they undergo significant renovation. The building sector is responsible for about 40% of Europe's total end energy consumption and hence this Directive is an important step for the European Union in order that it should reach the level of saving required by the Kyoto Agreement. In this the EU is committed to reduce CO2 emissions relative to the base year of 1990 by 8 per cent, by 2010. But what will be the impact of the new Directive, how large could be the impacts of extending the obligation for energy efficiency retrofitting towards smaller buildings? Can improvement of the insulation offset or reduce the growing energy consumption from the increasing installation of cooling installations? EURIMA, the European Insulation Manufacturers Association and EuroACE, the European Alliance of Companies for Energy Efficiency in Buildings, asked Ecofys to address these questions.

Methods

The effect of the EPB Directive on the emissions associated with the heating energy consumption of the total EU 15 building stock has been examined in a model calculation, using the Built Environment Analysis Model (BEAM), which was developed by Ecofys to investigate energy saving measures in the building stock. The great complexity of the EU-15 building stock had to be simplified by examining five standard buildings with eight insulation standards, which are assigned to building age and renovation status. Furthermore, three climatic regions (cold, moderate, warm) were distinguished for the calculation of the heating energy demand. This gave a basic 210 building types for which the heating energy demand and CO2 emissions from heating were calculated according to the principles of the European Norm EN 832.

Results and Discussion

The model calculations demonstrates that the main contributor to the total heating related CO2 emissions of 725 Mt/a from the EU building stock in 2002 is the residential sector (77%) while the remaining 23% originates from non-residential buildings. In the residential sector, single-family houses represent the largest group responsible for 60% of the total CO2 emissions equivalent to 435 Mt/a.

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- The technical potential: If all retrofit measures in the scope of the Directive were realised immediately for the complete residential and non-residential building stock the overall CO2 emission savings would add up to 82 Mt/a. An additional saving potential compared to the Directive of 69 Mt/a would be created if the scope of the Directive was extended to cover retrofit measures in multi-family dwellings (200-1000m2) and non-residential buildings smaller than 1000m2 used floor space. In addition including the large group of single-family dwellings would lead to a potential for additional CO2 emission reductions compared to the Directive of 316 Mt/a.

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- Temporal mobilization of the potential: Calculations based on the building stock as it develops over time with average retrofit rates demonstrated that regulations introduced following the EPB Directive result in a CO2 emissions decrease of 34 Mt/a by the year 2010 compared to the business as usual scenario. Extending the scope of the EPB Directive to all residential buildings (including single and multi-family dwellings), the CO2 emission savings potential over the 'business as usual' scenario could be doubled to 69 Mt/a in the year 2010. This creates an additional saving potential compared to the Directive of 36 Mt/a.

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- Cooling demand: The analysis demonstrated that in warm climatic zones the cooling demand can be reduced drastically by a combination of lowering the internal heat loads and by improved insulation. With the reduction of the heat loads to a moderate level the cooling demand, e.g. of a terraced house located in Madrid, can be reduced by an additional 85% if the insulation level is improved appropriately.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that the European Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings will have a significant impact on the CO2 emissions of the European building stock. The main saving potential lies in insulation of the existing building stock. Beyond this, CO2 emissions could, however, be greatly reduced if the scope of the Directive were to be extended to include retrofit of smaller buildings.

Recommendation and Perspective

The reductions should be seen in relation to the remaining gap of 190 Mt CO2 eq. per annum between the current emission levels of EU-15 and the target under the Kyoto-Protocol for the year 2010. The energy and industrial sector will probably contribute only a fraction of this reduction via the newly established EU emissions trading scheme and connected projects under the flexible mechanism. In addition, the traffic sector is likely to continue its growth path leading to a widening of the gap. Thus, there is likely to be considerable pressure on the EU building sector to contribute to the EU climate targets beyond what will be achieved by means of the current EPB Directive. Legislators on the EU and national level are therefore advised to take accelerated actions to tap the very significant emission reduction potentials available in the EU building stock.     

Numerical parametric study of a new earth-air heat exchanger configuration designed for hot and arid climates

ABSTRACT

Thermal potential for cooling and heating can be achieved by new configuration of earth–air heat exchanger (EAHE). This paper presents a numerical investigation of thermal performance of a spiral-shaped configuration of EAHE intended for the summer cooling in hot and arid regions of Algeria. A commercial finite volume software (ANSYS FLUENT) has been used to carry out the transient three-dimensional simulations and the obtained results have been validated using the experimental and numerical data obtained from the literature. The agreement between our simulation results and those from literature is very satisfactory. A parametric analysis of the new geometry of (EAHE) has been performed to investigate the effect of pitch, depth, pipe length and of the flow velocity on the outlet air temperature and the EAHE’s mean efficiency as well as its coefficient of performance (COP). It has been shown that when the pitch space varies between 0.2 and 2 m the difference of outlet air temperature increases by 6 ^°C. When the air velocity increases from 2 to 5 m/s the mean efficiency decreases from 60 % to 33 % and the COP of the EAHE decreases from 2.84 to 0.46.     

MIXING INDUCED BY AN INTERNAL HYDRAULIC JUMP1

ABSTRACT The efficiency of an inverted internal hydraulic jump as a mixing and dispersion mechanism in an aquatic environment was examined. The flow considered was a two-dimensional buoyant flow from a shallow channel over a sloping bottom into a deep reservoir. It could be seen that a rapidly varied flow associated with violent turbulent mixing occurred near the point of discharge if specific discharge conditions and downstream controls were met. Downstream from the mixing zone the flow was stably stratified. The main object of the study was to find the conditions under which a turbulent mixing zone occurred and the rate of turbulent entrainment. Energy loss and length of the mixing zone were also investigated. The independent variables were the outlet densimetric Froude number, the density differential between outfall water and receiving water, the relative depths of the upper and lower layers in the stratified flow portion, the total depth, and the slope of the transition. Theoretical calculations had to be confined to a step increase in depth, but experiments in a laboratory flume showed that results obtained with slopes of 23° and 90° were quite similar. Both theory and experiments showed, for example, that dilution (entrainment rates) up to 2:1 (2 parts heated water to one part cold water) can be achieved at very little energy expense and with downstream depths approximately 8 times the outlet depth. Theoretically, any amount of dilution can be obtained, but large depths may be required. Experimental results also indicate that the length of the mixing zone was frequently ten times the value of the outlet densimetric Froude number.     

长江三峡花岗岩坡面林地土管特性及其对管流的影响

相互连通具有一定通透性的土壤大空隙称为大孔隙,亦可称其为土管。根据土管成因不同将其分为四种类型,即土壤动物流动导致的土管、植物根系形成的土管、土壤裂隙形成的土管和土壤水分运动形成的土管。在长江三峡花岗岩地区至少存在两种成因的土管,即植物死亡根系形成的（生物性）土管和由土壤裂隙形成的（地质性0土管。由降雨导致水分在土壤大孔隙中的运动过程称为管流,管流是优先流的主要形式之一。管流的产生对于降雨而言具有一定的滞后性（管流开始出现一般较开始降雨时间推迟3－4小时）,管流的产生与降雨强度、降雨量和土壤水力特性等要素有关,相同条件下管流流量和降雨强度及降雨量呈正相关,管流特性不仅与土管的成因有关,而且与土管在土壤剖面的位置也有一定关系。由于土管内部粗糙程度和分枝合流情况不同,土壤前期降雨量、本次降雨强度影响也造成管流的水文过程产生差别。