Determining dioxin-like compounds in selected Korean food

To measure the levels of dioxin-like compounds, pork, mackerel, cheese and milk were analyzed. The food samples were obtained at three different markets in Seoul. All the samples were animal origin and their lipid contents ranged from 4% to 34%. After extraction, extracts were cleaned up by sulfuric acid impregnated silica gel, purified on a series of silica gel, alumina, carbon column chromatography and then analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. The levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans for pork, mackerel, cheese and milk were 0.0008, 0.8663, 0.002 and 0.0236 pgTEQ/g wet weight, respectively. In addition, the levels of non-ortho coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls for pork, mackerel, cheese and milk were 0.0041, 1.5781, 0.0259 and 0.0353 pgTEQ/g wet weight, respectively. Among food samples analyzed, pork showed the lowest level of dioxin-like compounds.     

焚烧炉及周围环境样品中多氯联苯的监测分析

对焚烧炉禁烧处理多氯联苯的效果及其周围环境样品中的多氯联苯进行了监测分析，建立了不同基体中ＰＣＢｓ高效毛细管色谱／质谱，气相色谱／电子捕获鉴定器检测的常规方法，燕根据对炉渣、尾气及环境样品的分析结果，认为多氯联苯的焚烧处理达到设计要求。     

硫化纳米零价铁对PCB153的降解研究

硫化纳米零价铁(S-nZVI)是近年来兴起的一种纳米零价铁改性材料,已有研究发现其在重金属污染物去除方面具有较好的效果,而有关其对多氯联苯(PCBs)的反应活性目前尚未见报道.因此,本研究对比了采用前置硫化合成法制备的S-nZVI(S/Fe=0.103)、纳米零价铁(nZVI)和羧甲基纤维素稳定纳米零价铁(CMC-nZVI)3种纳米零价铁材料降解六氯联苯PCB153的反应动力学,研究了pH值、阴离子、腐殖酸(HA)等因素对该反应的影响,分析了反应前后材料表面性质的变化,探讨了脱氯路径和反应机理.结果表明,3种纳米零价铁材料对PCB153的降解反应符合准一级动力学,降解机理相似,降解效果依次为CMC-nZVInZVIS-nZVI.硫化改性降低了nZVI去除PCB153的反应活性,S-nZVI表面的硫铁化物并未直接参与PCB153降解反应,S-nZVI反应活性低的原因可能是硫铁化物的形成损耗了一部分Fe~0的还原能力.此外,与CMC-nZVI、nZVI不同,高pH更有利于S-nZVI对PCB153的降解,阴离子和HA对3种纳米零价铁活性的影响规律相似.研究结果可为S-nZVI在持久性有机污染物降解中的应用提供理论依据和技术支持.     

多氯联苯(Aroclor 1254)对非洲爪蟾变态发育的影响

为了研究多氯联苯(Aroclor 1254)对非洲爪蟾变态发育的影响,将非洲爪蟾受精卵暴露在一定浓度(0、400ng·L-1、2μg·L-1、10μg·L-1、20μg·L-1)的Aroclor 1254中,直至完全变态.结果表明,20μg·L-1Aroclor1254暴露可使变态所需时间显著延长(p<0.05),低于20μg·L-1的各组变态所需时间与对照组无显著差异.2μg·L-1以上的Aroclor1254暴露可使蝌蚪甲状腺发生明显的组织学改变,包括甲状腺组织滤泡扩张、胶体面积相对缩小,滤泡细胞增殖、高度增加,并且这种变化随暴露剂量的增加而愈发明显.提示多氯联苯可干扰非洲爪蟾的变态发育,引起甲状腺组织学改变.采用定量组织病理学技术检测甲状腺激素干扰物较为灵敏,方法简单易行,是一种切实可行的筛选和确证甲状腺干扰物的体内方法.     

重金属-有毒有机物复合污染土壤的过硫酸盐氧化修复模拟研究

选取电子电器废弃物拆解场地附近的重金属-有毒有机物复合污染土壤为研究对象,对其进行过硫酸钠氧化修复实验.考察了多氯联苯的去除效果及重金属(铜、镉、铅)有效态含量的变化,并对土壤基本性质的变化进行重点研究.结果表明,在本实验条件下,多氯联苯含量为10.10 mg·kg~(-1)的供试土壤经氧化修复24 h后,多氯联苯去除率高达41.6%,且对低氯代和高氯代多氯联苯都具有一定的去除效果.土壤中重金属(铜、镉、铅)的有效态含量显著提高,在一定程度上增大了其可去除性,同时也不可避免地提高了环境风险.此外,土壤经过硫酸钠氧化修复后,pH由原来的6.04降为2.56,土壤有机质含量降低了29.2%,土壤的阳离子交换量无显著变化;土壤全氮、有效磷、有效钾含量分别降低了33%、94%、24%;土壤中铁含量略有增加但不显著,然而土壤中硫含量增幅显著.建议在氧化修复后,向土壤中添加石灰和钙镁磷肥等来消除修复过程带来的不利影响.     

碳纳米管对水中多氯联苯的吸附动力学

通过静态吸附实验研究了碳纳米管（CNTs）对水中多氯联苯（PCBs）的吸附动力学特性,包括1种单壁碳纳米管（SWCNTs）和3种多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）,并对4种CNTs的物理特征及孔径分布进行了分析。结果表明,SWCNTs的比表面积和总孔容最大,分别为228.210 m2·g-1和1.515 4 cm3·g-1。CNTs对PCBs的吸附速率很快,40 min吸附量可达到平衡时的90%以上,80 min左右达到吸附平衡,且SWCNTs的吸附能力远大于MWCNTs。运用拟一级和拟二级动力学模型对实验数据进行拟合,表明拟二级模型更适合描述CNTs对PCBs的吸附过程。     

Aliphatic hydrocarbons in an oil-contaminated soil

Microbial decontamination of hydrocarbon-polluted soil was paralleled with soil respiration measurements. About 1,500 tons of a loamy top soil were found to be contaminated with approximately 2000 mg/kg of aliphatic hydrocarbons, mainly oleic (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) found in the vicinity of a linoleum manufacturing and then a car dewaxing plant. The contaminated soil was analysed for dry matter, pH, dehydrogenase activity, electrical conductivity and nutrient content viz. nitrate, phosphorus and potassium, as well as a number of indigenous microbes. The soil was low in salt and nutrients. This paper describes the procedure and measures to decontaminate this bulk soil on site from approx. 2,000 to 500 mg of aliphatic hydrocarbons/kg dry matter by use of a nutrient emulsion, indigenous micro-organisms and aeration over 13 months. This 75% reduction in aliphatic hydrocarbons resulted in a concomitant carbon efflux, measured as soil respiration, and was used to calculate carbon fluxes.     

PSA application for a PCB detoxification plant

 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a type of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), are considered to be endocrine disrupters. According to the Stockholm Convention on POPs, PCB detoxification is being accelerated globally. We have developed an environmentally sound chemical PCB detoxification plant using the ultraviolet ray/catalyst method. The purpose of this paper is to check the design methodology for the PCB detoxification plant by the application of probabilistic safety analysis. First, possible hazardous events were determined; second, the weakest points in these hazardous events were established; and third, the impact when failures arise at the weak points in the system were studied. We clarified the preventive measures as follows. To prevent PCBs leaking into the environment, select leak-tight valves for the piping containing PCBs, and reduce the number of valves. To prevent fire or explosions due to leaks of an inflammable mixture, select leak-tight valves, reduce the number of valves installed in the piping, and improve the reliability of the suppression tank in the isopropyl alcohol (IPA) recovery unit. Received: February 27, 2001 / Accepted: June 17, 2002     

氯苯类生产过程POPs污染风险点分析及环境管理建议

我国氯苯类生产过程中的二噁英类、五氯苯、六氯苯等非故意产生类持久性有机污染物对环境具有潜在风险。对具有典型工艺特征的氯苯类生产过程中关键节点的二噁英类进行了检测和分析,在残渣、残液、废水和副产品(多氯苯混合物)中发现高浓度二噁英类,主要成分为多氯代二苯并呋喃,推测可能与原料中呋喃类杂质有关。为践行我国《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》的履约责任和控制二噁英类排放造成的环境风险,结合国内外相关管理制度提出了法规制度、监督管理、工艺改进、产品质控和废物处置等方面的环境管理建议。