短链脂肪酸对太湖底泥多氯联苯微生物厌氧脱氯的影响

选取二氯联苯PCB5和PCB12、四氯联苯PCB64和PCB71、类二噁英五氯联苯PCB105和PCB114、六氯联苯PCB149和PCB153、七氯联苯PCB170,考察了添加7.5mmol/L乙酸和7.5mmol/L混合酸（乙酸：丙酸：丁酸=1：1：1）条件下,9种典型商业多氯联苯单体在太湖底泥厌氧微环境中24周内的脱氯降解情况.结果表明：乙酸和混合酸的添加均在一定程度上强化了多氯联苯的降解,多氯联苯总浓度降低速率由（0.276±0.023） mg/（kg·week）分别加快至（0.383±0.033）和（0.410±0.036） mg/（kg·week）;提高了部分脱氯路径的相对反应速率,特别是单侧氯取代的对位脱氯,但未改变脱氯微生物对多氯联苯降解底物的选择性及主要脱氯路径;进一步降低了体系类二噁英多氯联苯总毒性当量（TEQ）,24周降幅均在95%以上;乙酸和混合酸所起到的促进效果并无显著性差异.     

丛枝菌根真菌及猪炭对多氯联苯污染土壤的联合修复作用

选用玉米(Zea mays L.)为供试植物,采用盆栽试验研究了接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌(Funneliformis mosseae)和添加不同粒径猪炭对多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)污染土壤的联合修复效应及其对土壤微生物的影响.结果表明,接种AM真菌(10%接种量)及添加2.5%猪炭对土壤有效磷含量提高具有显著的协同效应,猪炭还显著提高了土壤有机碳、速效钾含量和pH值(p0.05);猪炭显著促进了菌根真菌侵染率,但对玉米根系生物量具有抑制作用.接种AM真菌的同时添加猪炭提高了细菌16S rDNA丰度,且接种AM真菌同时添加粒径0.25 mm猪炭显著促进了土壤PCBs降解率.AM真菌与猪炭改变了土壤微生物种群的相对丰度,其中,Planctomycetes与土壤三氯联苯降解显著相关(r=0.049,p0.05),而Acidobacteria与五氯联苯降解显著相关(r=0.008,p0.01).AM真菌及猪炭提高了土壤有效养分含量,促进了植物生物量和土壤PCBs降解,对PCBs污染土壤具有较好的修复潜力.     

PCDD, PCDF, AND PCB concentrations in human milk from two areas in Finland

Concentrations of 17 toxic 2,3,7,8-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and of 36 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs) were analyzed from 167 randomly sampled human milk samples from Southern (77 samples) and Eastern (90) Finland. The level of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in human milk in Southern Finland was about 25% higher than those from Eastern Finland. The level of PCDD/Fs in human milk in Finland was the same as in Sweden, 30–50 % lower than in milk from Central Europe but about 45% higher than values from Norway or Russia. The PCB concentrations in Southern Finland were at the same level as in the Netherlands, and in Eastern Finland at the same level as in Norway. The levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs decreased with increasing number of children: the third child was exposed to about 70% of the amount of PCDD/Fs and PCBs as compared with the first child, and the eighth to tenth child to about 20%. The congener patterns of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in Finnish human milk were similar to the countries of Central Europe, however, the levels of penta- and heptachlorinated furans were slightly higher than in milk from other countries.     

国内外多氯联苯处理技术综述

简要介绍了目前国内外对多氯联苯的处理技术并比较其优缺点,以期对我国在多氯联苯处理方面的研究和应用提供有益的参考。     

PSA application for a PCB detoxification plant

 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a type of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), are considered to be endocrine disrupters. According to the Stockholm Convention on POPs, PCB detoxification is being accelerated globally. We have developed an environmentally sound chemical PCB detoxification plant using the ultraviolet ray/catalyst method. The purpose of this paper is to check the design methodology for the PCB detoxification plant by the application of probabilistic safety analysis. First, possible hazardous events were determined; second, the weakest points in these hazardous events were established; and third, the impact when failures arise at the weak points in the system were studied. We clarified the preventive measures as follows. To prevent PCBs leaking into the environment, select leak-tight valves for the piping containing PCBs, and reduce the number of valves. To prevent fire or explosions due to leaks of an inflammable mixture, select leak-tight valves, reduce the number of valves installed in the piping, and improve the reliability of the suppression tank in the isopropyl alcohol (IPA) recovery unit. Received: February 27, 2001 / Accepted: June 17, 2002     

Bacteria Degrading PCBs and CBs Isolated from Long-Term PCB Contaminated Soil

Bacteria able to degrade polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorobenzoic acids (CBs) were isolated from soil that had been contaminated with PCBs for 15–30 years. Contaminated soil in which PCB content ranged between 10–470 mg/kg was naturally vegetated with different plants including ash (Fraxinus excelsior), birch (Betula pendula), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) and goat willow (Salix caprea) trees as well as a variety of grasses and forbs. Bacteria able to use biphenyl as a sole source of carbon and energy were found in the root zone of all plants, but occurred in the largest numbers beneath pine and black locust. Bacteria able to degrade chlorobenzoic acids were isolated from the same location contaminated with PCBs. Strains that were taxonomically identified by 16S rDNA as Pandoraea were able to use 2-CB, 3-CB, 2,3-CB, 2,5-CB as sole carbon sources, and the strain Arthrobacter utilised 4-CB.     

长江口潮滩沉积物中PCBs及其空间分布

应用具^63Ni电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪，分析了长江口潮滩沉积物PCBs，及其在不同微地貌单元的分布趋势：高潮滩＞中潮滩＞低潮滩，PCBs与ToC存在线性相关关系，并与＞63μm的颗粒物体积百分含量呈显著线性相关关系，推测沉积物中PCBs以低氯同系物为主。大型排污口附近、水动力弱的高潮滩PCBs相对富集。比较国内外不同地区，本区PCBs污染并不严重，但检出率为100％，新生沙岛九段沙潮滩同样检出PCBs污染，因此应当密切关注长江口潮滩环境中PCBs污染的发展。     

FeCl_3存在时六六六热解生成PCDD/Fs的研究

在开管体系中,于280℃时研究了六六六无效体在Fe,理体制FeCl_3存在时的热解,以及影响热解产物中PCDD/Fs生成量的因素.PCDD/Fs的生成主要取决于FeCl_3,而Fe的存在并不增加体系中PCDD/Fs的生成量.在封管体系中,研究结果表明PCSS/Fs的生成量随FeCl_3用量、反应时间和反应温度的增加而增加,但温度影响最大.实验还表明,氯苯、氨酚对PCDD/Fs的生成起决定作用.在250─280℃,PCDD/Fs的生成主要在于二者之间的缩合,而单独氯酚间的缩合则居次要地位.氯化对生成PCDD/Fs的种类及量影响很大.250─280℃时,低氯苯、氨酚在FeCl_3作用下氯代成高氯产物,进而缩合成 OCDD/F;但在 350℃以上时,氯酚反应活性增加,故低氯PCDD/Fs生成量增加,OCDD/F生成量相对降低.     

降解多氯联苯的微生物特性研究进展

综述了多氯联苯（ＰＣＢｓ）需氧降解，包括共代谢的需氧微生物，需氧降解途径和微生物降解环境中持久存在的阿罗克尔（Ａｒｏｃｌｏｒ）商业混合物的特性等；厌氧还原脱氯包括淡水和港湾沉积物中厌氧微生物降解ＰＣＢｓ的特性以及一些脱氯方式（过程）和还原脱氯过程的促进发法。     

多氯联苯复合污染土壤的微生物群落结构多样性变化

土壤微生物群落结构多样性是指示土壤生态系统稳定性及其功能的重要传感器。采用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs)方法,对长江三角洲地区某POPs高风险区PCBs长期复合污染土壤的微生物群落结构多样性进行了初步研究。结果表明,PCBs重度污染土壤中格兰氏阴性菌(16:1w9、cy17:0等)和厌氧微生物(18:1w7)的PLFAs组分含量较多,而格兰氏阳性菌(如i15:0、i17:0等)、放线菌(16:0(10Me))及真菌(18:2ω6,9)和好氧性微生物的PLFAs含量较低,表明PCBs污染土壤中微生物群落结构与组成发生了明显变化。这一结果为PCBs降解微生物资源的定向筛选提供了科学依据。