Aliphatic hydrocarbons in an oil-contaminated soil

Microbial decontamination of hydrocarbon-polluted soil was paralleled with soil respiration measurements. About 1,500 tons of a loamy top soil were found to be contaminated with approximately 2000 mg/kg of aliphatic hydrocarbons, mainly oleic (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) found in the vicinity of a linoleum manufacturing and then a car dewaxing plant. The contaminated soil was analysed for dry matter, pH, dehydrogenase activity, electrical conductivity and nutrient content viz. nitrate, phosphorus and potassium, as well as a number of indigenous microbes. The soil was low in salt and nutrients. This paper describes the procedure and measures to decontaminate this bulk soil on site from approx. 2,000 to 500 mg of aliphatic hydrocarbons/kg dry matter by use of a nutrient emulsion, indigenous micro-organisms and aeration over 13 months. This 75% reduction in aliphatic hydrocarbons resulted in a concomitant carbon efflux, measured as soil respiration, and was used to calculate carbon fluxes.     

珠江三角洲空气中多氯联苯污染的区域背景研究

选择肇庆市鼎湖山自然保护区作为珠江三角洲地区大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)污染评价的区域性环境背景.研究表明,背景区夏季空气中PCBs的平均浓度为216.94pg/m³,其中气态PCBs的浓度是183.42pg/m³,是颗粒态的5.47倍;PCBs总量的氯数分布以三氯和四氯取代的PCBs为主,两者的总贡献率为86.41%.冬季空气样品中PCBs的总浓度是176.43pg/m³,其中气相中的浓度为123.20pg/m³,仅是颗粒相中浓度的2.31倍.与夏季空气样品不同的是,冬季气相样品中二氯到四氯取代的PCBs浓度仅是颗粒相样品中的2.94倍,几乎是夏季的1/2.与国外研究相比,鼎湖山自然保护区空气中PCBs的浓度很高.     

电路板蚀刻废液及其回收铜盐产品中PCBs污染特征

POPs(持久性有机污染物)是近年来广受关注的一类环境污染物. 为研究工业过程中POPs的运转迁移,针对电路板蚀刻废液及其回收后生产的铜盐产品中7种指示性PCBs(多氯联苯)及CB-209进行分析. 结果表明,PCBs在碱性废液和微蚀废液中未检出,而在酸性废液中有不同程度检出,ρ(∑₈PCBs)在0.41~60.80 ng/L之间,其中ρ(∑₇指示性PCBs)在0.24~58.00 ng/L之间. 3种铜盐产品〔CuCl₂、Cu₂(OH)₃Cl和CuSO₄〕中,CuSO₄中w(∑₈PCBs)相对较高,在2.75~284.00 ng/kg之间;而CuCl₂中w(∑₈PCBs)在6.95~31.50 ng/kg之间;Cu₂(OH)₃Cl中w(∑₈PCBs)在7.31~9.42 ng/kg之间. 污染物指纹特征表明,酸性蚀刻废液及其铜盐产品中的PCBs具有十分相似的分布特征,CB-28是最主要的检出单体,并且w(CB-209)相对较高,表明铜盐产品中的PCBs主要来源于生产原料(酸性蚀刻废液)的携带,而酸性蚀刻废液中污染物来源须待进一步分析研究.      

近海沉积物DlPCBs对斑马鱼胚胎EROD和cyp1a mRNA的影响

为探究湛江近海域海洋沉积物中类二噁英多氯联苯(dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls,Dl PCBs)的生物学毒性效应,选取湛江近海域2个地点(近工业区TS和近生活区JSW)采集沉积物样品,制备近海域沉积物Dl PCBs提取物,将斑马鱼胚胎暴露于不同浓度的Dl PCBs提取物,测定斑马鱼胚胎7-乙氧基异吩恶唑脱乙基酶(ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase,EROD)活性和cyp1a m RNA相对表达量。结果发现,JSW采样点Dl PCBs提取物染毒组EROD酶活性变化与TS采样点Dl PCBs提取物一致,在各染毒浓度下,斑马鱼仔鱼EROD酶活性为对照组的1.1~1.8倍。TS和JSW采样点不同浓度Dl PCBs提取物暴露斑马鱼胚胎96 h后,使斑马鱼仔鱼cyp1a m RNA相对表达量是对照组的3.36~19.45倍。说明一定浓度的近海沉积物Dl PCBs能诱导斑马鱼仔鱼EROD酶活性和cyp1a m RNA表达量升高,且呈现浓度-效应关系。     

上海市典型家庭室内空气中PCBs与PBDEs初步研究

于2008年12月─2009年3月用PUF被动采样器采集了上海市6个典型家庭室内的空气样本,利用GC-EI-MS和GC-NCI-MS法分别测定了样本中14种多氯联苯(PCBs)和7种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的质量浓度,采用GC-ECD法测定了ρ(BDE-209). 结果表明:ρ(PCBs)为313.84 ～ 753.79 pg/m3,平均值为442.09 pg/m3;ρ(PBDEs)为0.62 ～83.35 pg/m3,平均值为21.83 pg/m3;ρ(BDE-209)为114.9～ 221.19 pg/m3,平均值为185.58 pg/m3. 与文献报道相比,上海市家庭室内空气中ρ(PCBs)处于中等水平,ρ(PBDEs)略低,但ρ(BDE-209)明显高于其他地区. 儿童和成人对PCBs的日均暴露量达到1 980和4 772 pg/d,对PBDEs的日均暴露量达到930和2 241 pg/d. PCBs和PBDEs能够引起人体生物毒性效应,因此,作为在室内空气中普遍存在的有机污染物,其持续低剂量的暴露应引起重视.      

生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对PCBs污染土壤的修复作用研究

利用生物表面活性鼠李糖脂（RL）洗脱土壤,再通过紫外光预照射与生物降解协同去除洗脱液中的PCBs的组合方法对多氯联苯（PCBs）污染土壤进行修复,旨在研究RL在修复PCBs污染土壤中的作用及其机理。结果表明,RL对PCBs的洗脱具有显著的促进作用,PCBs的总洗脱率与RL的质量浓度呈正相关。当洗脱液中加入2 000 mg.L-1的RL,在3次批洗脱后,人工污染土样和陈化土样的PCBs总洗脱率分别达到了90.1%和47.1%。PCBs降解菌P.LB400在以RL或联苯为碳源的驯化培养基中均能够快速生长。当土壤洗脱液中的PCBs被P.LB400的生长细胞菌液降解时,RL对PCBs的生物降解具有显著的促进作用;而在P.LB400的休眠细胞降解体系中,RL对PCBs的生物降解有一定的抑制作用。紫外光预照射对土壤洗脱液中PCBs的生物降解有一定的促进作用。紫外光预照射和生物降解的耦合有利于提高PCBs的降解速率。     

土壤中2,2＇,5,5＇-四氯联苯的锁定效应及其影响因素

以2,2＇,5,5＇-四氯联苯（PCB52）为典型代表,采用微波提取法研究了土壤中多氯联苯的锁定效应及其影响因素.实验表明,老化时间、土壤的有机质含量、含水率、pH值以及老化环境温度都对土壤锁定2,2＇,5,5＇-四氯联苯的效果有显著影响.2,2＇,5,5＇-四氯联苯锁定量随着老化时间的增长而增加,添加20 d后尤为显著,之后变化缓慢,趋于平衡;随着土壤有机质含量的增加而显著增加;随着土壤含水率的增大而下降,且表现出一定的线性相关性;在pH 5.5—10.5范围内,随着土壤pH值的升高而增大;在15℃到40℃范围内随着老化环境温度的升高而降低.此外,多氯联苯自身的性质也会影响土壤对其的锁定效果.     

不同水源灌溉的农田表层土壤中多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚的浓度分布特征

本工作主要关注北京郊区污水河、地下水及混合水源灌溉的3块农田的表层土壤中,26种多氯联苯(PCBs)和14种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的浓度分布特征,并对目标污染物各单体浓度之间的相关性进行了统计学分析.结果显示,所有供试表层土壤样品中共检出26种PCBs(∑26PCBs),浓度水平范围为130—1.93×103ng.kg-1干重.检出的PCBs种类包括12种共平面多氯联苯异构体(15.6—433 ng.kg-1干重),6种指示型多氯联苯异构体(50.7—452 ng.kg-1干重)和其它8种多氯联苯同系物(52.1—1.15×103ng.kg-1干重).同时还检出14种多溴联苯醚同系物(∑14PBDEs),浓度水平范围为1.81—14.4μg.kg-1干重,其中十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)为最主要的组分,约占总组分94%以上.污水河河水和地下水混合灌溉的农田中PCBs和PBDEs的浓度大于地下水灌溉农田中的含量.此外,在所有样品中发现高氯代的多氯联苯同系物(氯原子数≥4)浓度之间存在显著的相关性,可能与灌溉水源和土壤对高氯代联苯的强保留等因素有关.     

Detailed analysis of PCBs and PCDD/Fs impurities in a dielectric oil sample （ASKAREL Nr 1740） from an imported transformer in China

Homolog and congener profiles of polychlori- nated biphenyls （PCBs）, polychlorinated dibenzo-p- dioxins （PCDDs） and polychlorinated dibenzofurans （PCDFs） in commercial PCBs formulations are useful information for the source appointment of PCBs contam- ination as well as the risk assessment caused by potential exposure. Dielectric oil （ASKAREL Nr 1740） in an imported transformer found in China was sampled and analyzed by isotope dilution technology using high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry （HRGC/HRMS）. The detailed homolog and congener profiles of PCBs obtained were compared with those of known Aroclor formulations. High similarity in the homolog profile between the oil sample and Aroclor 1260was found, with the hexachlorinated and hepta- chlorinated biphenyls accounting for more than 80.2% of the total PCBs concentration. Severn indicator PCBs contribute about 30%, while 12 PCB congeners （i.e., # 153, #143, #168, #180, #149, #165, #138, #170, #190, #187, #174, #181） account for more than 50% of the total PCB concentrations. Total concentration ofPCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs （DL-PCBs） was found to be 740 ng TEQ/g, of which 620 ng TEQ/g came from DL-PCBs. The contribution of PCDDs to the total TEQ was neglectable. The concentration of PCDFs homologs follows the order of OCDF 〉 HxCDFs 〉 HpCDFs 〉 PeCDFs 〉 TeCDFs, which is in consistence with the previous study on Aroclor 1260. Three DL-PCBs congeners （i.e., #118, #156, #157） accounted for 77% of the total concentration of DL-PCBs, also they contribute 72% in the TEQ caused by DL-PCBs.     

Screening of thyroid gland histology in organohalogen-contaminated glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from the Norwegian Arctic

The associations between blood organohalogen contaminant (OHC) concentrations and thyroid gland histology were studied in 10 adult female glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from the Norwegian Arctic (Bjørnøya) during the incubation period. This histological investigation was undertaken as previous glaucous gull studies from the same area reported negative relationships between circulating OHC concentrations and thyroid hormone levels. Organohalogen concentrations have previously been associated with altered blood plasma thyroid hormone concentrations, as a result of parenchymal thyroid gland alterations and perturbation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT)-axis. In this study, PCB (range: 186–1027 ng g^?1ww), DDT (77–203 ng g^?1ww) and chlordane (18–65 ng g^?1ww) concentrations dominated the blood plasma OHC profile in incubating female glaucous gulls. High density of small follicles accompanied by follicular epithelial cell proliferations was seen in thyroid glands in seven of 10 gulls. Focal thyroiditis and nodular hyperplasia were found in two birds. No significant differences in plasma OHC concentrations were noted between gulls exhibiting high density of small follicles and cell proliferations and those birds not showing histological changes. Based on these findings, data suggest that the histological changes in thyroid glands of OHC-contaminated female glaucous gulls may be due to natural variance, although an OHC-induced thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) perturbation resulting in epithelial cell hyperplasia and increased follicular density cannot be ruled out and remains to be verified. Hence, a large-scale histological study is required, in order to elaborate the potential linkage between changes in thyroid gland histology, OHC exposure and regulation of the HPT-axis in the Arctic-breeding glaucous gull.