土壤中多氯联苯分析方法研究进展

文中综述了多氯联苯的分析技术及其研究进展。介绍了样品前处理技术如索氏萃取法、超声萃取法、微波辅助萃取、超临界流体萃取、加速溶剂萃取等在土壤样品中多氯联苯分析中的应用;阐述了气相色谱、液相色谱、气质联用技术在土壤样品中多氯联苯的检测,并对土壤中未来多氯联苯检测技术的发展提出了展望。     

汾河表层沉积物PCBs和OCPs含量、来源及生态风险

利用GC-ECD方法测定了汾河太原段30个表层沉积物样品中多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量,同时对沉积物中PCBs和OCPs的来源和生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,研究区PCBs和OCPs的含量分别为n.d.~50.95μg/kg和2.19 ~25.24μg/kg.Aroclor检出率最高为Aroclor1260和Aroclor1254,这可能与我国主要生产和使用的PCB有关.OCPs中p,p￠-DDE含量占优势,研究区HCH和DDT来源于工业和农业输入.生态风险评价结果表明,γ-HCH、DDT(total),o,p￠+p,p￠-DDT,p,p￠-DDE,七氯环氧化物,PCBs总量可能会对研究区水生生态环境造成潜在影响,但整体风险水平不高.     

香港周边海域野生鱼体内DDTs和PCBs的含量分布和食用风险评估

为研究香港周边海域鱼体内持久性有机污染物的污染水平、分布特征及其对当地居民的健康风险评估,采集了香港周边海域中31种野生鱼,分析鱼体中两类典型持久性有机污染物,如滴滴涕（DDTs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）.结果表明,香港周边海域野生鱼类DDTs和PCBs的含量范围分别为0.44~17 ng·g^-1和0.028~6.3 ng·g^-1,与国内外其他地方相比处于中低水平.在空间分布上,大屿山西部的鱼体内DDTs含量最低,而吐露港鱼体中PCBs含量最低.鱼类的生活环境及食性影响其在鱼体内DDTs与PCBs的富集程度.来源分析显示野生鱼体内DDTs来源主要为历史残留,迁徙的鱼类可能受沿海岸河口DDTs污染影响.此外,健康风险评估结果表明,香港青少年和成年人长期食用香港周边海域的鱼类可能会存在潜在的终生致癌风险.因此,香港当地居民应尽量减少对其周边海岸野生鱼类的摄入.     

几种可能来源对广东某地空气中二(口恶)英的影响

采用高分辨气相色谱法/高分辨质谱法（HRGC/HRMS）对广东某地生活垃圾焚烧厂烟道气及周边环境空气和可能来源的环境空气中17种二英进行了分析.讨论了所有样品中同系物、主要毒性贡献体的特性.并运用主成分和聚类分析法,探究了焚烧厂周边监测点位与焚烧厂排放烟气及可能来源的关系.结果表明周边空气中二英浓度低于焚烧厂烟道气,且不受主导风向的影响.在调查基础上,推断轮胎厂及露天焚烧为可能污染源.轮胎厂二英浓度均低于上风向监测点,露天焚烧空气中二英高于厂界外监测点.对各同类物百分比分析可知,烟道气和所有空气中主要同类物为OCDD、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD及1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF,但空气中同类物还包括OCDF;焚烧厂周边监测点与轮胎厂空气中二英单体百分浓度相似,烟气与露天焚烧中二英单体分布相似.进一步研究表明所有空气样品中单体1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD和2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF与总毒性当量浓度的线性相关系数分别为0.95和0.75,相关性较强.主成分分析及聚类分析表明垃圾焚烧厂对周边空气产生影响,轮胎厂对上风向产生影响,露天焚烧对厂界影响较小.     

耕作土壤中多氯代有机污染物的含量与分布特征-以珠江三角洲部分地区为例

采用超声波提取,气相色谱分析法,调查了珠江三角洲部分地区几种耕作土壤和珠江主要支流,西南涌上、中、下游沿岸耕作土壤中的多氯代有机污染物的含量研究结果表明,供试土壤中多氯代有机污染物（CBs、BHCs和DDTs）均有不同程度检出,其含量大小因所处区域、土壤类型和土地利用方式的不同而异;西南涌上、中、下游耕层土壤中多氯代有机污染物的含量呈递减趋势,主要受灌溉水质的影响;污染物在土壤剖面中的分布特征与其亲脂性相关,脂溶性强的污染物的含量随剖面深度的加深而减小,脂溶性弱的污染物的含量随剖面深度加深而升高;供试土壤中部分污染物的同系物含量之间存在一定的相关性。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰或炉渣中二噁的分布特征

分别采集了3种生活垃圾焚烧炉产生的飞灰或熔融炉渣样品,分析了其中的二口恶口英含量及其毒性当量,并讨论了17种2,3,7,8位氯取代的二口恶口英分布特征及其对总毒性当量的贡献.结果表明,机械炉排焚烧炉产生的飞灰中二口恶口英最多,总浓度为319ng/g,毒性当量为6.7ngI-TEQ/g;其次为流化床焚烧炉,产生的飞灰中二口恶口英总浓度为38.7ng/g,毒性当量为0.8ngI-TEQ/g;气化熔融焚烧炉产生的熔融炉渣中二口恶口英很少,总浓度为38.7pg/g,毒性当量仅为1.1pgI-TEQ/g;所有的2,3,7,8位氯取代的13C同位素标记内标化合物回收率在39%~156%之间.尽管不同的垃圾焚烧炉在二口恶口英的生成量上有明显的差别,但是产生的二口恶口英同类物的归一化浓度以及对毒性当量贡献的归一化结果分布特征十分相似,表明3种垃圾焚烧炉在垃圾焚烧过程产生二口恶口英可能具有相似的反应机理.     

The impact of production type and region on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) concentrations in Canadian chicken egg yolks

Chicken eggs from five different production types (conventional, omega-3 enriched, free range, organic and free run) were collected, when available, from three regions (west, central and east) of Canada to determine persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations. Total polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations (∑37 congeners) in yolks from the eggs ranged from 0.162 ng g⁻¹ lipid to 24.8 ng g⁻¹ lipid (median 1.25 ng g⁻¹ lipid) while the concentration of the sum of the 6 indicator PCBs ranged from 0.100 ng g⁻¹ lipid to 9.33 ng g⁻¹ lipid (median 0.495 ng g⁻¹ lipid). Total polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) concentrations ranged from 2.37 pg g⁻¹ lipid to 382 pg g⁻¹ lipid (median 9.53 pg g⁻¹ lipid). The 2005 WHO toxic equivalency (TEQ) ranged from 0.089 pg TEQ_{PCDD/F+dioxin-like[DL]-PCB} g⁻¹ lipid to 12.8 pg TEQ_{PCDD/F+DL-PCB} g⁻¹ lipid (median 0.342 pg TEQ_{PCDD/F+DL-PCB} g⁻¹ lipid). PCB and PCDD/F concentrations were significantly different (p < 0.001) in egg yolks from different regions of collection. In contrast to observations in Europe, PCB and PCDD/F concentrations in Canadian egg yolks were not impacted solely by the production type (e.g., conventional, free range, organic, etc.) used to maintain the laying chickens. Additionally, only one Canadian free range yolk from western Canada (12.8 pg TEQ_{PCDD/F+DL-PCB} g⁻¹ lipid) exceeded the European toxic equivalent concentration limits for eggs (5 pg TEQ_{PCDD/F+DL-PCB} g⁻¹ lipid). This differs from observations in Europe where free range/home produced eggs frequently have higher POP concentrations than eggs from other production types. Median PCB dietary intake estimates based on consumption of eggs were less than 10 ng d⁻¹ while median PCDD/F intakes were less than 45 pg d⁻¹.     

The effect of in utero exposure to dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls on reproductive development in eight year-old children

We have previously reported on the effects of in utero exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on thyroid function and growth hormone concentrations at birth and in two and five year-old children. Herein, we present our most recent follow-up examination findings for the same cohort of children at eight-years of age. A total of 56 children (23 boys, 33 girls) were examined. Bone age (BA), hormone concentrations, and indicators of reproductive development including Tanner, breast, genital, and armpit stages were assessed. Estradiol concentrations were significantly lower in children exposed to higher levels than median of PCDD/Fs + PCBs TEQ compared to the children exposed to levels lesser than median (P = 0.003). Girls exposed to higher levels than median of indicator PCBs had a significantly greater proportion in genital stage 1 and shorter fundi and uteri lengths, as compared to those exposed to low levels (P = 0.025 and P < 0.05, respectively). There was a significant negative relationship between estradiol concentrations and PCDD/Fs + PCB exposure level (P = 0.005). After adjusting for BA, there was a significant association between fundus length and indicator PCB exposure level (P = 0.034). Exposure to both high levels of ΣPCDD/Fs + PCBs TEQ and high levels of total PCBs was associated with decreased fundus length (P = 0.016) and uterus length (P = 0.016). In utero exposure to high levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs may result in lower estradiol concentrations in eight year-old children and impaired reproductive development in girls.     

松花江流域河流沉积物中多氯联苯的分布、来源及风险评价

为查明松花江流域沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)分布、来源及污染现状,利用GC-ECD和GC-MS测定松花江流域沉积物中PCBs含量,并运用美国国家环保署法(EPA)、加拿大沉积物环境质量标准(SQG)和潜在生态危害指数法(Er)对沉积物中PCBs生态风险进行评价.结果表明,河流沉积物中均有2～10氯代的PCBs同系物被检出;松花江流域沉积物中PCBs含量介于0.83～125.53 ng.g-1,其中嫩江为0.83～4.44 ng.g-1,第二松花江为12.44～125.53 ng.g-1,松花江干流为1.74～6.25ng.g-1;沉积物中PCBs含量最高的是第二松花江,主要来源于沿江分布的与油漆、绝缘材料等工业品有关的污染源,其它河流沉积物中以二氯联苯为主的PCBs主要来源于大气沉降.3种方法(EPA、SQG、Er)的风险评价显示第二松花江沉积物中的PCBs已达到中等到较强程度的污染,其它河流沉积物中的PCBs暂无生态风险.     

降解多氯联苯的微生物特性研究进展

综述了多氯联苯（ＰＣＢｓ）需氧降解，包括共代谢的需氧微生物，需氧降解途径和微生物降解环境中持久存在的阿罗克尔（Ａｒｏｃｌｏｒ）商业混合物的特性等；厌氧还原脱氯包括淡水和港湾沉积物中厌氧微生物降解ＰＣＢｓ的特性以及一些脱氯方式（过程）和还原脱氯过程的促进发法。