铜对草鱼及花鲢的毒性预测：基于生物配体模型

试验配置不同胡敏酸浓度(DOC浓度为0.05、0.5、1、2、4 mg·L-1)下,分别对草鱼及花鲢进行铜的一系列96 h生物急性毒性试验,结果表明DOC浓度与LC50呈正相关关系,此与生物配体模型描述一致.利用两鱼种(Fathead minnow、Rainbow trout)的生物配体模型预测草鱼及花鲢的LC50,得出平均绝对偏差分别为591.2、157.14μg·L-1及728.18、91.24μg·L-1.在生物配体模型(biotic ligand model,BLM)铜形态分布平台下,得到草鱼及花鲢的LA50(以湿重计)依次为10.960nmol·g-1和3.978 nmol·g-1.通过校正草鱼及花鲢的LA50,得出平均绝对偏差依次为280.52μg·L-1和92.25μg·L-1,预测性能显著提高.基于所确立的LA50,通过搜集草鱼及花鲢的毒性数据,预测其LC50,得到平均绝对偏差分别为252.37μg·L-1和50.26μg·L-1,此证实基于生物配体模型的毒性预测具有一定的实用性.     

不同条件下皂苷对污染塿土中Cu、Pb的淋洗修复

为了探讨环境友好型生物表面活性剂皂苷(saponin)对污染塿土中重金属Cu、Pb的淋洗修复效果,采用批次试验方法,研究了皂苷在不同的淋洗时间、质量浓度、p H、淋洗次数及背景电解质强度下对Cu、Pb单一污染塿土和复合污染塿土中Cu、Pb的淋洗效果.结果表明,当皂苷质量浓度为50 g·L-1、p H值为5.0、淋洗时间为240 min、无背景电解质离子共存时,重金属离子通过与皂苷胶团络合,对污染塿土中Cu、Pb的淋洗去除效果达到最大;在单一污染塿土和复合污染塿土中,50g·L-1的皂苷在最佳淋洗条件下对Cu的单次淋洗百分率分别为29.02%和25.09%,对Pb的单次淋洗百分率分别为31.56%和28.03%,同时也显示皂苷对Pb的去除效果比Cu更显著.经过4次淋洗后,在单一污染塿土和复合污染塿土中皂苷对Cu的累积淋洗百分率分别为58.92%和53.11%,对Pb的累积淋洗百分率分别为77.69%和65.32%.单次淋洗前后污染塿土中重金属形态分级结果表明:污染塿土中吸附态、交换态Cu、Pb的质量分数有所增加;碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态和硫化物残渣态的Cu、Pb可得到有效去除.     

两种木材生物炭对铜离子的吸附特性及其机制

为探索高效利用废弃生物质资源制备生物炭去除水体和土壤中Cu~(2+)污染的可行性,本文以常见的农林废弃物苹果树枝和梧桐木锯末为原料,采用450℃限氧热裂解法制备生物炭,通过两种生物炭对Cu~(2+)的批量吸附试验,利用4种等温吸附模型(Langmuir、Freundlich模型、Temkim、D-R模型)和4种吸附动力学模型(准一级动力学、准二级动力学、Elovich模型、颗粒内扩散模型)研究了苹果枝和锯末生物炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附行为.同时,使用FTIR红外、SEM和BET比表面积及孔径分析等技术表征了生物炭的理化性质,研究了两种生物炭对Cu~(2+)吸附机制,分析了两种生物炭之间的吸附特性差异及其影响因素.结果表明:(1)苹果枝生物炭在3 h达到吸附平衡,理论最大吸附量为15.85 mg·g~(-1),锯末生物炭在6h达到吸附平衡,理论最大吸附量为17.44 mg·g~(-1),与其他研究相比,这两种生物炭体现了较高的Cu~(2+)吸附性能;(2)两种生物炭对Cu~(2+)的热力学吸附均较好地符合Langmuir模型,表明吸附过程主要是近似单分子层的有益吸附;动力学吸附均符合准二级吸附动力学模型,表明其对Cu~(2+)的吸附包括表面吸附、颗粒内扩散和液膜扩散等多种过程;(3)吸附机制主要包括静电吸附,配体(酚羟基)/离子(H+)交换和阳离子—π键作用.     

掺杂聚乙烯醇的壳聚糖小球对铜离子-腐殖酸的单一和连续吸附行为

以三聚磷酸钠作为离子交联剂,合成了一种掺杂聚乙烯醇的壳聚糖小球,采用SEM和FTIR表征了小球的表面性能及官能团分布情况,进一步研究了这种小球对腐殖酸和铜离子的单独吸附行为、连续吸附行为及两者共存状态下的吸附行为,并通过XPS能谱分析了吸附过程的机理.结果表明:在单独吸附过程中,壳聚糖小球与腐殖酸和铜的作用方式主要是通过静电引力和络合作用;在连续吸附过程中,先吸附了腐殖酸的小球,后续对铜离子的吸附效果变弱;而先吸附了铜离子的小球,后续对腐殖酸的吸附能力变强,说明这种小球在吸附过程中可以被连续使用.而在腐殖酸和铜离子共存的吸附实验中发现,壳聚糖小球除了会吸附溶液中的铜离子和腐殖酸外,还导致它们的聚集沉降.     

玉米光谱小波奇异熵的铜污染监测研究

不同浓度铜离子(Cu2+)胁迫梯度下的玉米叶片光谱存在细微差异,但传统的光谱相似性测度方法难以区分健康的与受污染的玉米叶片光谱间的变异信息.为此,本文结合小波变换和奇异熵理论,构建小波奇异熵(Wavelet Singular Entropy,WSE)方法用于Cu2+胁迫下的玉米污染程度分析与污染监测.通过设置不同浓度Cu2+胁迫梯度下的玉米盆栽实验,依据玉米叶片的光谱测量数据和所测定的叶片中Cu2+含量,并与绿峰高度(Green-peak Height,GH)和红谷吸收深度(Red-valley Depth,RD)光谱特征参数法污染监测应用结果进行对比分析,研究WSE方法的Cu2+污染监测效果.结果表明,WSE值与Cu2+胁迫梯度、玉米叶片中Cu2+含量呈显著正相关,WSE值大小能够较好地表征叶片光谱的污染信息奇异性及其污染程度.     

Copper marketing with forward and futures contracts: state-owned and private Chilean firms during the 1990s

The use of futures in copper marketing became common during the 1990s, but little attention has been put on the reasons for it and its relationship with other elements of marketing such as forward sales and premiums. This study focuses on these issues and the benefit of futures relative to annual forward contracts. It argues futures complement annual forward contracts to secure the average market price rather than to maximize revenue. The paper analyzes empirical evidence for the six largest Chilean copper producers. This sample reflects well the entire Chilean industry during the 1990s. The analysis shows that forward sales became more volatile and futures seem to be the instrument to avoid income fluctuation at the end of the marketing process. However, the benefits of futures compared to forward sales are very modest. In the last section we suggest a better marketing instrument to maximize revenue may be premiums.     

Exposure Programme on Atmospheric Corrosion Effects of Acidifying Pollutants in Tropical and Subtropical Climates

Many national exposure programmes have been performed in tropical and subtropical climates during the last 50 years. However, ambitious programmes involving more than a few countries are scarce. In this paper a recently formed network of test sites is described involving 12 test sites in Asia (India, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and China including Hong Kong) and four test sites in Africa (South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe). This effort is part of the 2001–2004 Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) funded Programme on Regional Air Pollution in Developing Countries (RAPIDC). Corrosion attack after one (2002–2003) year of exposure (carbon steel, zinc, copper, limestone and paint coated steel) are presented together with environmental data (SO₂, NO₂, HNO₃, O₃, particles, amount and pH of precipitation, temperature and relative humidity) for all the test sites. The obtained corrosion values are substantially higher than expected for limestone, higher than expected for carbon steel and lower than expected for zinc compared to values calculated using the best available dose–response functions.     

消防射水对导线火烧熔痕金相组织的影响

模拟火灾现场,制作不同线径铜导线的火烧熔珠,然后在不同温度下对熔珠进行冷却.利用金相显微镜对火烧熔珠的金相组织进行观察,发现铜导线火烧熔痕在不同温度下经消防射水冷却后,会出现类似一次短路和二次短路熔痕的金相组织.     

EVALUATION OF COPPER ACCUMULATION IN PART OF THE CALIFORNIA AQUEDUCT1

ABSTRACT: Copper sulfate has been used extensively in the California Aqueduct to control phytoplankton and the alga Cladophora. Since 1969 more than 250,000 pounds of copper sulfate has been added to a part of the aqueduct. Although copper sulfate is effective in controlling algae, copper tends to accumulate in the system in which it is applied. Samples of water, biota including plants, clams, and snails, as well as sediment were analyzed for copper. Results of these analyses showed that copper concentrations in the water, with three exceptions, were less than 10 micrograms per litre. Samples of plant tissue showed a 198 percent increase in copper concentration in the treated reach of the aqueduct, and clam tissue showed a 68 percent increase. Snails in the treated reach had 77 percent more copper than in the untreated reach whereas copper concentrations in the sediment doubled. None of the concentrations found are considered to be harmful to the biota.