电气火灾一次短路熔痕金相组织特征参数定量分析

电气火灾一次短路熔痕鉴别和判定对分析火灾原因和事故认定至关重要,而目前金相分析方法目前处于经验和半经验水平,缺乏定量分析手段.本文开展不同电流条件下(100A至300A,间隔为20A)铜导线一次短路模拟实验,制作相应短路熔痕金相图谱.同时引入描述金相组织特征参数,基于Image - ProPlus应用数字图像处理技术提取图谱的金相组织特征参数量化指标,讨论金相组织晶粒和孔洞尺寸变化的特点,实现金相微观组织特征参数和电流之间的关系数据对比分析,探讨一次短路熔痕金相组织的量化判据和变化规律.     

硒蛋白R抑制铜离子介导的Aβ_(42)聚集和细胞毒性

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种神经退行性疾病,其主要病理特征包括脑内出现老年斑和神经纤维缠结以及神经元缺失。过渡金属离子如Fe~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)等会在AD病人脑中大量蓄集,从而促进,-淀粉样多肽(Aβ)聚集并产生大量活性氧自由基,引起细胞功能改变。硒蛋白R(Sel R)是一种蛋氨酸亚砜还原酶,可将蛋白中的蛋氨酸亚砜还原为蛋氨酸。然而Sel R与金属离子的关系尚无报道。文章对Sel R的突变体Sel R'(Sel R中硒代半胱氨酸Sec95突变为半胱氨酸Cys95)结合Cu~+的性质进行了表征,同时也对Sel R'调节Cu~+/Cu~(2+)诱导的Aβ42聚集和细胞毒性的能力进行了研究。结果表明,Sel R'可与Cu~+特异性螯合剂BCA竞争结合Cu~+,说明Sel R'具有较强的Cu~+结合能力。采用硫磺素荧光法(Th T),发现Cu~+/Cu~(2+)显著性抑制Aβ42的纤维化、诱导其形成非纤维化聚集体,而Sel R'则能够显著抑制Cu~+/Cu~(2+)诱导的Aβ42聚集形态的改变。细胞实验表明:Sel R'能显著降低Cu~+/Cu~(2+)诱导的Aβ42的细胞毒性。上述结果提示:Sel R在脑内除了还原蛋氨酸亚砜,还可通过与铜离子的结合抑制其细胞毒性作用,从而干预AD的发展。     

植物铜耐性机理的研究进展

主要从植物根细胞壁积累固定、细胞膜对铜的吸收控制、金属配体的螯合作用、铜在系统液泡的分隔机制及胁迫蛋白的合成5个方面,分别阐述植物对铜分子的耐性机制的研究进展,全面了解了铜在植物中的亚细胞分布、铜在植物根系到地上部分运输过程的转运机制以及植物在铜胁迫下的抗性反应等。并在此基础上提出了存在的问题以及今后研究的重点。     

土壤中铜和镍的植物毒性预测模型的种间外推验证

在基于物种敏感性分布法推导土壤金属生态阈值过程中,利用毒性预测模型对来源于不同土壤的毒理学数据进行归一化处理可消除土壤性质差异的影响,但目前建立的毒性预测模型仅限于少数物种。本研究通过比较土壤中小白菜、西红柿和大麦的铜和镍的毒性预测模型应用于其他高等植物的预测效果,以及归一化前后各物种毒性阈值的种内变异程度,考察了土壤中铜和镍的植物毒性预测模型种间外推的可行性和适用范围,解决了铜和镍土壤生态阈值导出过程中的方法学问题。土壤中镍对小白菜的毒性预测模型能较好地预测芥菜和青椒的镍毒性阈值,利用该模型对芥菜和青椒在不同土壤中的镍毒性阈值进行归一化后亦能显著降低其种内变异,其种内变异系数分别从1.18和1.25降至0.31和0.06;但将镍对小白菜、西红柿和大麦的毒性预测模型应用于莴笋和莴苣的毒性阈值预测时,在pH<6.0的酸性土壤中其预测值均小于实测值,其实测值与预测值的比值在3.2到6.8之间。对小麦、黄瓜和青椒的铜毒性阈值而言,小白菜模型预测效果优于西红柿和大麦模型。利用西红柿模型归一化黄瓜铜毒性阈值,其毒性阈值的种内变异系数从0.83降至0.14。大麦的铜毒性预测模型能较准确地预测水稻、洋葱、芥菜、包菜和萝卜的毒性阈值,且这5个物种的铜毒性阈值经大麦模型归一化后其种内变异均显著降低。本研究结果可为土壤中铜和镍的植物毒性预测模型的种间外推提供科学依据。     

Evaluation of hemopoietic responses in Labeo rohita Hamilton following acute copper toxicity

Fish are often exposed to highly contaminated water, especially in areas where the dilution rate of waste water is low. Environmental pollutants or other stress may affect one or more of the immunological functions in fish. Effective control of toxic substances is essential for the success of fish culture, which requires fish health monitoring using biomarkers. This study evaluated the effects of heavy metal copper (Cu) at environmentally relevant concentrations on the hematopoiesis in Labeo rohita. L. rohita fingerlings were exposed to different Cu concentrations for 6, 24, 48, or 72 hr. Following exposure, percentage blast cells was found to be increased after 6 and decreased after 24, 48, and 72 hr both at sublethal and LC₅₀ concentrations, whereas percentage mature erythrocytes decreased after 6 and increased after 24, 48, and 72 hr. Erythropoietic and leukopoietic efficiencies were also affected upon exposure. Erythropoietic and leucopoietic efficiencies increased markedly after 6, 24, and 48 hr but decreased after 72 hr in sublethal-treated fish. Erythropoietic efficiency decreased significantly after 6, 24 and 48 hr but increased after 72 hr in LC₅₀-treated fish. Leukopoietic efficiency decreased significantly after 6 hr exposure and increased after 24 and 48 hr but decreased after 72 hr. Flow cytometric studies of head kidney cell cycle phase distribution revealed cell death and DNA synthesis. The percentage cell death increased in fish exposed to sublethal concentrations and rose further at LC₅₀ during the earlier hours of exposure. Synthesis of DNA was increased at sublethal concentrations but was significantly reduced at LC₅₀ dose.     

Monitoring toxicity of an azo dye methyl red and a heavy metal Cu,using plant and animal bioassays

Toxicities of an azo dye methyl red and a heavy metal copper (Cu) were quantified, using growth and mortality as end points, in four plant species and three animal species by subjecting them to short-term (4 days for animals, 10 days for plants) static bioassays. Lemna aequinoctialis Welwitch (EC₅₀: 7–16 ppm) was found to be the most sensitive species for methyl red, Ceratophyllum demersum L. (EC₅₀: 25 ppm) and Lactuca sativa L. (EC₅₀: 56 ppm) were intermediate, while Oryza sativa L. shows reduction in seedling vigor (9–27%) of <50%, being the least sensitive amongst the tested plant species. Methyl red toxicity is almost 3–5-fold higher in growing medium (pH = 5.8–6.0), even at high nutrient levels, while Cu toxicity is higher in nutrient-poor alkaline medium at alkaline pH (8.3–8.7; EC₅₀: Ceratophyllum = 104–200 ppb; Lemna = 100–170 ppb) compared to nutrient-rich acidic medium (pH = 5.4–5.7; EC₅₀: Ceratophyllum = 2600–3175 ppb; Lemna = 4350–4715 ppb). Rice tolerance (EC₅₀: 6500 ppb) was found to be higher than hydrophytes while lettuce was most tolerant to Cu. Fish sensitivity toward the test chemicals was almost parallel to Ceratophyllum and Lemna [Gambusia affinis Baird and Gerard (LC₅₀: 250 ppb for Cu) and Poecilia reticulata Peters (LC₅₀: 24 ppm for methyl red)]. Similar to the plants, dye toxicity increased markedly (LC₅₀: 7 ppm) in the acidic medium (pH = 6.0). Amongst the tested organisms, Daphnia was found to be most sensitive to methyl red (EC₅₀: 6 ppm) while its sensitivity to Cu (EC₅₀: 230 ppb) was similar to hydrophytes and fish. Initially, the combination of dye and Cu (at their sublethal concentrations) had additive effects in duckweed, while dye concentration ruled afterward. These results indicate that hydrophytes and animals are equally sensitive toward the test chemicals. Dye toxicity in hydrophytes and fish was pH dependent, while in the case of Cu, it is related to the nutrient status of the growth medium of plants.     

Experimental investigations of five different mosses on accumulation capacities of Cu,Pb and Zn

Uptake of Pb, Cu and Zn by different epiphytic moss species Floribundaria floribunda (Doz. &; Molk.) Fleisch., Taxiphyllum giraldii (C. Muell.) Fleisch. and Thuidium sparsifolium (Mitt.) Jaeg., an epilithic moss Thuidium delicatulum (L.) Mitt. and a leafy liverwort Ptychanthus striatus (Lehm. &; Linderb.) Nees. was studied experimentally. The plant bodies were treated with single metal and mixed metal solutions of Pb(NO₃)₂, CuCl₂ and ZnCl₂ at different concentrations ranging from 10^?10 to 10^?2 mol L^?1. Higher uptake of Pb, Cu and Zn by T. giraldii, T. sparsifolium and P. striatus than by F. floribunda and T. delicatulum was shown in both treatments. Compared with the single metal treatment, the uptake of Zn was very low at higher concentrations in the mixed metal treatment. A slight depletion of Zn was noticed in the long-term exposure. Leaching of naturally accumulated Zn from the mosses and leafy liverwort was also observed when treated with higher concentrated (10^?4, 10^?2 mol L^?1) Pb(NO₃)₂ and CuCl₂ solutions. Similarly, the leaching of naturally accumulated Cu was observed in leafy liverwort P. striatus with 10^?2 mol L^?1 Pb(NO₃)₂ and ZnCl₂ treatments. However, insignificant changes were observed on naturally accumulated Pb and Cu in mosses. From these experiments, the epiphytic mosses T. giraldii and T. sparsifolium, which have high Cation exchange capacity and large leaf surface area, have been found to be suitable for assessing heavy metal concentration in a moderately or slightly contaminated environment.     

Influence of the chemical and mineralogical composition on the acidity of an abandoned copper mine in the Bor river valley (eastern Serbia)

Since the end of operations in 1987, the flotation tailing pond in the area of the former Bor River valley has been left without any type of remediation, leading to a great environmental impact on the wider surrounding area. Because the relative abundance of minerals is critical in determining the quality of the water draining from such materials, research to define the influence of the chemical and mineralogical characteristics on the acidity of the Bor flotation tailing was performed. With this aim in mind, core sampling from eight, 20-m deep drilling holes was undertaken, followed by mineralogical analysis of the composites from each drilling hole and chemical analysis of the composites of the holes and samples taken every 5 m. In addition, the tailing acidity was measured on samples from all drilling holes taken every 1 m from the surface to the base of the tailing using distilled water and 1 M KCl. The average tailing acidity was very high, with a pH value between 2.2 and 4.0 along the depth of the holes, indicating that pyrite, as the dominant sulphide mineral, was oxidised even in the deepest layers of flotation tailing.     

Source and Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Coastal Taiwan Sediments

Coastal sediments and oyster farming is severely affected by the industrial effluents in the coastal region near LuGong, Taiwan. Surficial sediments and oyster samples were collected from a coastal area near a major electro-plating industry. Spatial variation in heavy metal contents in sediments was studied in relationship to the main pathway of contamination and geochemical association with natural constituents of the sediments.

Spatial trends of heavy metals in the sediment reflected inputs of pollutants from the poorly-treated electro-plating effluents in the surrounding county and transported downstream by the Yang-tse-tru River. Effluent related heavy metal (Zn, Cu, Cd) is extremely high in the study region sediments. the highest concentrations were observed near shore, especially upstream in the Yang-tse-tru River sediments. Heavy metal concentrations decreased rapidly in a seaward direction. Heavy metal concentrations in near shore sediments were as high as some highly industrialized harbour sediments in the USA (e.g. Boston and San Diego).

Significant differences and high concentrations of heavy metals were also observed in oysters from the study region. Heavy metals from the study region were two to five times higher than in oysters from other pristine areas in Taiwan.     

火法-湿法联合工艺回收电镀污泥中的铜

采用还原焙烧-酸浸-萃取-浓缩结晶工艺回收电镀污泥中的铜,结果表明:以煤粉为还原剂的焙烧预处理既保持了铜的高浸出率,又实现了铜与杂质金属的初步分离;经后续酸浸、萃取和浓缩结晶等湿法工艺最终可制得纯度为97.14%的工业级硫酸铜。