AN IN SITU COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FOUR ALGICIDES1

ABSTRACT: Four algicides (copper citrate, copper ethanolamine, simazine, and diuron) were tested for effectiveness using in situ bio-assays. Bioassays were conducted in clear polyethylene bags and algicide effectiveness measured by chlorophyll a, productivity, and algal counts. The body of water where this testing took place had a high pH (9.2), and high levels of total dissolved solids (610 mg/l) and nutrients. The order of effectiveness found in this study was simazine > diuron > copper ethanolamine > copper citrate.     

Accumulation of Cu, Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb from artificially contaminated soil by Bacopa Monnieri

The metal accumulation potential of Bacopa monnieri L. was assessed under simulated laboratory conditions. This study was carried out in mixed metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn) condition and repeated exposures in artificial contaminated soil. The growing shoots were planted in garden subsoil containing 3, 16, 32, 64, 160 M each of the above metals. After 8 weeks, plants were refeeded to three times higher concentrations of each metal than initially used to assess the maximum accumulating potential of the metals. The accumulation of the metals by the root and shoot was concentration and duration dependent. The metal accumulation was considerably higher in the fine root than in the shoot and showed the following order : Mn > Cr > Cu > Cd > Pb. The plants showed high tolerance to the metals as no visible phytotoxic symptom was produced after 8 weeks. However, as a result of combined metal toxicity, chlorophyll content was reduced by 62% after 12 weeks. The highest metal concentration was lethal to the plant at 16 weeks. In view of their high tolerance, the plants of B. monnieri may be considered for the amelioration of industrially-polluted wetlands experiencing regular flushing of wastewaters.     

The combined use of electrokinetic remediation and phytoremediation to decontaminate metal-polluted soils: a laboratory-scale feasibility study

The use of a combination of electrokinetic remediation and phytoremediation to decontaminate two metal-polluted soils has been demonstrated in laboratory-scale reactors. One soil was heavily contaminated with copper, the other with cadmium and arsenic (2500 g g^-1 Cu; 300-400 g g^-1 Cd and 230 g g^-1 As, respectively). Test reactors with twoseparated chambers, each with a capacity of 5.25 kg soil, wereconstructed, then the respective chambers were filled with eithera mixture of the polluted soil and a control topsoil (75:25) ortopsoil alone. Reactors were sown with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv Elka) and a constant voltage of 30 V was applied continually across the soils in each reactor. Soil sampling took place at the start and the end of the test run, whilst plant foliage was sampled after approximately 3 weeks (both reactors) 6 weeks (Cd soil reactor only) and at the conclusion of each test run (98 days Cu soil, 80 days Cd soil). Soil and plant metal concentrations were measured, together withsoil pH. Results showed that in both soils there was a significant re-distribution of metals from anode to cathode in the test reactors, coupled with an enhancement of plant Cu uptakein the cathode region for the Cu soil. Patterns of plant Cd uptake were less clear cut and were not as clearly related to theredistribution of Cd measured in the soil. There was significant acidification of soil at the anode in each test reactor, but soilpH in other parts of the reactor changed little during the courseof the experiment. Plant growth was affected at the anode, but was not affected in other parts of the reactor. There was no visual evidence of metal toxicity in the ryegrass in either polluted soil. Some effects on soil fungi were apparent, with a stimulation of Fusarium infection of ryegrass in the cathode region of all reactors and the appearance of sporophoresof Coprinus in the same location. It is concluded that the combination of the two techniques represents a very promising approach to the decontamination of metal polluted soils that nowrequires validation in field conditions.     

Species of copper and zinc in sediments collected from the antarctic ocean and the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal area

The species of copper and zinc, such as bioexchangeable, skeletal, easily reducible (Fe and Mn oxides), moderately reducible (crystalline Mn oxide), organic combined with sulfides, and detritus with minerals, in mud and sand, separated from the surface Antarctic Ocean and the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal (including river and estuarine) sediments, have been analyzed by sequential leaching methods. Results show that in the Antarctic Ocean sediments, high concentrations of total copper (128 mg/kg) and zinc (458 mg/kg) were found in the high mud (99.09%) content samples compared with the low concentrations of total copper (83.8 mg/kg) and zinc (288 mg/kg) in low mud (51.69%) content samples. High concentrations of copper, zinc, manganese and iron are possibly due to the characteristics of manganese nodules, in which the species of copper and zinc are mainly contained in the crystalline Mn oxide phase. In the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal sediments, the total copper and zinc concentrations in mud and sand vary with season and location. High values were generally observed in the river sediments during the dry season, and low values were in the estuarine and coastal sediments during the heavy rainy season. High percentages of copper (as high as 49.4%) and zinc (as high as 76.7%) in mud and sand were in the bioexchangeable phase including the skeletal phase. This result might be correlated with the problems arising from human impact on copper and zinc as well as sewage pollution in Taiwan. In the organic combined phase, biogenic particulate matter related to higher primary productivity in the Antarctic Ocean is also discussed.     

Cu2+存在下腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶吸附解吸的影响

为探究重金属与抗生素共存时不同条件下土壤有机组分对抗生素吸附解吸的影响,通过批量静态吸附试验方法,研究了不同污染物浓度、初始pH、离子强度及阳离子类型下腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶（sulfadiazine）和重金属Cu共存时吸附解吸行为及其交互作用,并做了显著性差异分析;采用Freundlich、Langmuir等温吸附模型和线性等温吸附模型对试验数据进行拟合,对吸附前后的样品进行红外光谱扫描分析.结果表明:①不同w（Cu2+）对腐殖酸吸附磺胺嘧啶的状况不同,当w（Cu2+）为1、10、100 mg/kg时,Cu2+的存在起促进吸附的作用;当w（Cu2+）为300 mg/kg时,Cu2+的存在起抑制吸附的作用;随着初始pH的增大,吸附量变化不明显,但略有减小;高离子强度促进吸附,低离子强度抑制吸附;高价态阳离子的存在抑制腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶的吸附.②显著性差异分析显示,P均小于0.05,说明w（Cu2+）、pH、离子强度及阳离子类型对吸附量均有显著影响.③运用Freundlich、Langmuir等温吸附模型和线性等温吸附模型对不同条件下的吸附特征进行拟合,其拟合效果均较好,R2均大于0.952,其中线性等温吸附模型拟合效果最好;HI（滞后系数）在0.995~1.120之间,接近于1,表明腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶的吸附解吸过程中不存在滞后现象.△G（吉布斯自由能变化量）在18.921~20.412 kJ/mol之间,均小于40 kJ/mol,属于物理吸附.④红外光谱分析表明,腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶的吸附机制主要是形成氢键或发生络合反应.研究显示,不同条件下腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶吸附解吸的影响不同,w（Cu2+）、初始pH、离子强度及阳离子类型的改变,均会导致腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶的吸附情况有所差异.      

氯化铵盐粒导致的铜初期大气腐蚀行为研究

目的研究在氯化铵存在条件下,铜的大气腐蚀行为。方法采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、滴定法和电化学等方法来确定铜的大气腐蚀过程和腐蚀产物。结果随着暴露时间的延长,铜的腐蚀质量损失变大,平均腐蚀速率变小。在氯化铵存在条件下,铜表面生成了Cu_2O、Cu_2(OH)_3Cl和Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3,其中Cu_2O为主要腐蚀产物,其质量占腐蚀产物总质量的97%以上。结论氯化铵的存在会对铜造成很强的腐蚀,随着暴露时间的延长,铜的腐蚀变得严重,但是暴露后期腐蚀速率将会减缓。     

电气设备用铜材在含硫化氢环境下的腐蚀寿命预测

目的电气设备铜材因遭受含硫化氢环境腐蚀的影响,致使其性能下降,并给电气设备的安全运行埋下安全隐患。为保证电气设备在现场服役环境中的安全可靠性,需对铜材在该环境中的寿命进行预测。方法利用失重法研究电气设备用铜材在现场环境和室内外硫化氢加速环境下的腐蚀动力学规律,通过灰色关联度分析方法探讨两种环境条件下的关联性,并建立铜材在现场服役环境中的寿命预测模型。结果在现场和室内硫化氢环境下,铜材腐蚀动力规律遵循幂函数定律;两种环境的灰色关联系数为0.72,相关性良好;铜材的腐蚀寿命模型为T_(现场)=0.74T_(加速)~(2.16)。结论利用室内硫化氢加速腐蚀试验可以对电气设备用铜材在现场环境中的腐蚀状态和腐蚀寿命进行预测。     

NO3-对二级出水DOM与Cu2+络合作用的光谱特性影响

利用三维荧光光谱法和紫外分光光度法,研究NO₃^-对二级出水DOM与Cu²⁺络合作用的光谱特性和络合能力的影响.随投加NO₃^-浓度增加,二级出水DOM与Cu²⁺络合作用后代表类蛋白质（类色氨酸）物质荧光峰消失,紫外吸收峰右侧红移.投加NO₃^-浓度与二级出水DOM和Cu²⁺络合作用后的HIX、α₃₀₀、α₂₅₀/α₃₆₅、E₃/E₄和UV₂₅₃/UV₂₀₃值呈显著正相关,与BIX显著负相关（r为-0.958~-0.719）,与S_240-400和S_275-295值分别呈指数增加和指数减少关系（R²分别为0.9678~0.9952和0.9965~0.9978）,对FI、α₃₅₀、α₃₅₅和S_350-400值影响较小.二级出水DOM中的紫外光类腐殖质、可见光类腐殖质和高激发波长类色氨酸物质与Cu²⁺作用后的条件稳定常数lgK分别为2.08~2.46,1.84~2.51,2.27~2.57L/mmol,配位荧光官能团比例分别为19.5%~36.5%、22.5%~33.3%和24.4%~29.2%.二级出水DOM中类腐殖质和类蛋白质与Cu²⁺的络合反应强度相差不大,且样品中NO₃^-浓度不同时,用部分荧光参数（HIX）和紫外参数（α₃₀₀、α₂₅₀/α₃₆₅、E₃/E₄、S_240-400和S_275-295）表示DOM的含量、分子性质存在一定的不确定性.     

我国典型土壤中铜对白符跳(Folsomia candida)的毒性阈值及其预测模型

为确定我国土壤中Cu对白符跳的毒性阈值并建立其预测模型,以外源添加的方式研究了我国9种典型土壤（江西红壤、安徽黄棕壤、重庆紫色土、云南黄红壤、湖南水稻土、山东潮土、黑龙江黑土、新疆灰漠土、陕西垆土）中Cu对模式生物——白符跳（Folsomia candida）存活率与繁殖率的影响.结果表明:白符跳存活率对Cu毒害的敏感性远低于繁殖率.9种土壤中基于w（TCu）实测值推导的土壤Cu对白符跳繁殖率的EC₅₀（半数效应浓度）变化范围为65~668 mg/kg,表明不同土壤中Cu的毒性阈值差异显著,但基于w（Cu_Ca）（Cu_Ca为CaCl₂溶液提取的Cu）推导的不同土壤中EC₅₀的差异有所减小.相关性分析表明,基于w（TCu）实测值推导的EC₅₀值与土壤pH、w（CaCO₃）均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.801和0.670.进一步利用回归分析建立了基于pH和w（OM）的土壤Cu对白符跳繁殖的EC₅₀预测模型——lg（EC₅₀）=0.213+0.288pH+0.016 w（OM）,基于该模型预测与推导的EC₅₀值之间相关性较好.研究显示,氯化钙提取态Cu的存在能在一定程度上解释不同土壤中Cu对白符跳繁殖的EC₅₀值的差异,pH和w（OM）可较好地预测不同土壤中Cu对白符跳繁殖的EC₅₀值.      

重金属絮凝剂对水中Cu2+和腐殖酸的去除性能

采用聚丙烯酰胺、甲醛、氢氧化钠、巯基乙酸为原料,制备出重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺（MAMPAM）,以含Cu²⁺、含腐殖酸（HA）水样为考察对象,研究MAMPAM对单一和混合体系中Cu²⁺、HA的去除性能.结果表明,MAMPAM对单一体系中Cu²⁺和HA均具有一定的去除效果,且Cu²⁺的去除率随着水样初始pH值的增大而升高;pH值为6.0时,Cu²⁺的最高去除率为95.92%,HA的最高去除率为66.98%.MAMPAM处理混合水样时,Cu²⁺和HA的共存会相互促进彼此的去除,具有协同作用;共存的HA对MAMPAM除Cu²⁺性能的促进作用随着水样中HA浓度或pH值的升高而增强,共存的Cu²⁺对MAMPAM除HA性能的促进作用随着水样中HA浓度的升高而增强.