Evaluation of hemopoietic responses in Labeo rohita Hamilton following acute copper toxicity

Fish are often exposed to highly contaminated water, especially in areas where the dilution rate of waste water is low. Environmental pollutants or other stress may affect one or more of the immunological functions in fish. Effective control of toxic substances is essential for the success of fish culture, which requires fish health monitoring using biomarkers. This study evaluated the effects of heavy metal copper (Cu) at environmentally relevant concentrations on the hematopoiesis in Labeo rohita. L. rohita fingerlings were exposed to different Cu concentrations for 6, 24, 48, or 72 hr. Following exposure, percentage blast cells was found to be increased after 6 and decreased after 24, 48, and 72 hr both at sublethal and LC₅₀ concentrations, whereas percentage mature erythrocytes decreased after 6 and increased after 24, 48, and 72 hr. Erythropoietic and leukopoietic efficiencies were also affected upon exposure. Erythropoietic and leucopoietic efficiencies increased markedly after 6, 24, and 48 hr but decreased after 72 hr in sublethal-treated fish. Erythropoietic efficiency decreased significantly after 6, 24 and 48 hr but increased after 72 hr in LC₅₀-treated fish. Leukopoietic efficiency decreased significantly after 6 hr exposure and increased after 24 and 48 hr but decreased after 72 hr. Flow cytometric studies of head kidney cell cycle phase distribution revealed cell death and DNA synthesis. The percentage cell death increased in fish exposed to sublethal concentrations and rose further at LC₅₀ during the earlier hours of exposure. Synthesis of DNA was increased at sublethal concentrations but was significantly reduced at LC₅₀ dose.     

Monitoring toxicity of an azo dye methyl red and a heavy metal Cu,using plant and animal bioassays

Toxicities of an azo dye methyl red and a heavy metal copper (Cu) were quantified, using growth and mortality as end points, in four plant species and three animal species by subjecting them to short-term (4 days for animals, 10 days for plants) static bioassays. Lemna aequinoctialis Welwitch (EC₅₀: 7–16 ppm) was found to be the most sensitive species for methyl red, Ceratophyllum demersum L. (EC₅₀: 25 ppm) and Lactuca sativa L. (EC₅₀: 56 ppm) were intermediate, while Oryza sativa L. shows reduction in seedling vigor (9–27%) of <50%, being the least sensitive amongst the tested plant species. Methyl red toxicity is almost 3–5-fold higher in growing medium (pH = 5.8–6.0), even at high nutrient levels, while Cu toxicity is higher in nutrient-poor alkaline medium at alkaline pH (8.3–8.7; EC₅₀: Ceratophyllum = 104–200 ppb; Lemna = 100–170 ppb) compared to nutrient-rich acidic medium (pH = 5.4–5.7; EC₅₀: Ceratophyllum = 2600–3175 ppb; Lemna = 4350–4715 ppb). Rice tolerance (EC₅₀: 6500 ppb) was found to be higher than hydrophytes while lettuce was most tolerant to Cu. Fish sensitivity toward the test chemicals was almost parallel to Ceratophyllum and Lemna [Gambusia affinis Baird and Gerard (LC₅₀: 250 ppb for Cu) and Poecilia reticulata Peters (LC₅₀: 24 ppm for methyl red)]. Similar to the plants, dye toxicity increased markedly (LC₅₀: 7 ppm) in the acidic medium (pH = 6.0). Amongst the tested organisms, Daphnia was found to be most sensitive to methyl red (EC₅₀: 6 ppm) while its sensitivity to Cu (EC₅₀: 230 ppb) was similar to hydrophytes and fish. Initially, the combination of dye and Cu (at their sublethal concentrations) had additive effects in duckweed, while dye concentration ruled afterward. These results indicate that hydrophytes and animals are equally sensitive toward the test chemicals. Dye toxicity in hydrophytes and fish was pH dependent, while in the case of Cu, it is related to the nutrient status of the growth medium of plants.     

Influence of the chemical and mineralogical composition on the acidity of an abandoned copper mine in the Bor river valley (eastern Serbia)

Since the end of operations in 1987, the flotation tailing pond in the area of the former Bor River valley has been left without any type of remediation, leading to a great environmental impact on the wider surrounding area. Because the relative abundance of minerals is critical in determining the quality of the water draining from such materials, research to define the influence of the chemical and mineralogical characteristics on the acidity of the Bor flotation tailing was performed. With this aim in mind, core sampling from eight, 20-m deep drilling holes was undertaken, followed by mineralogical analysis of the composites from each drilling hole and chemical analysis of the composites of the holes and samples taken every 5 m. In addition, the tailing acidity was measured on samples from all drilling holes taken every 1 m from the surface to the base of the tailing using distilled water and 1 M KCl. The average tailing acidity was very high, with a pH value between 2.2 and 4.0 along the depth of the holes, indicating that pyrite, as the dominant sulphide mineral, was oxidised even in the deepest layers of flotation tailing.     

土壤中铜和镍的植物毒性预测模型的种间外推验证

在基于物种敏感性分布法推导土壤金属生态阈值过程中,利用毒性预测模型对来源于不同土壤的毒理学数据进行归一化处理可消除土壤性质差异的影响,但目前建立的毒性预测模型仅限于少数物种。本研究通过比较土壤中小白菜、西红柿和大麦的铜和镍的毒性预测模型应用于其他高等植物的预测效果,以及归一化前后各物种毒性阈值的种内变异程度,考察了土壤中铜和镍的植物毒性预测模型种间外推的可行性和适用范围,解决了铜和镍土壤生态阈值导出过程中的方法学问题。土壤中镍对小白菜的毒性预测模型能较好地预测芥菜和青椒的镍毒性阈值,利用该模型对芥菜和青椒在不同土壤中的镍毒性阈值进行归一化后亦能显著降低其种内变异,其种内变异系数分别从1.18和1.25降至0.31和0.06;但将镍对小白菜、西红柿和大麦的毒性预测模型应用于莴笋和莴苣的毒性阈值预测时,在pH<6.0的酸性土壤中其预测值均小于实测值,其实测值与预测值的比值在3.2到6.8之间。对小麦、黄瓜和青椒的铜毒性阈值而言,小白菜模型预测效果优于西红柿和大麦模型。利用西红柿模型归一化黄瓜铜毒性阈值,其毒性阈值的种内变异系数从0.83降至0.14。大麦的铜毒性预测模型能较准确地预测水稻、洋葱、芥菜、包菜和萝卜的毒性阈值,且这5个物种的铜毒性阈值经大麦模型归一化后其种内变异均显著降低。本研究结果可为土壤中铜和镍的植物毒性预测模型的种间外推提供科学依据。     

火法-湿法联合工艺回收电镀污泥中的铜

采用还原焙烧-酸浸-萃取-浓缩结晶工艺回收电镀污泥中的铜,结果表明:以煤粉为还原剂的焙烧预处理既保持了铜的高浸出率,又实现了铜与杂质金属的初步分离;经后续酸浸、萃取和浓缩结晶等湿法工艺最终可制得纯度为97.14%的工业级硫酸铜。     

电气火灾一次短路熔痕金相组织特征参数定量分析

电气火灾一次短路熔痕鉴别和判定对分析火灾原因和事故认定至关重要,而目前金相分析方法目前处于经验和半经验水平,缺乏定量分析手段.本文开展不同电流条件下(100A至300A,间隔为20A)铜导线一次短路模拟实验,制作相应短路熔痕金相图谱.同时引入描述金相组织特征参数,基于Image - ProPlus应用数字图像处理技术提取图谱的金相组织特征参数量化指标,讨论金相组织晶粒和孔洞尺寸变化的特点,实现金相微观组织特征参数和电流之间的关系数据对比分析,探讨一次短路熔痕金相组织的量化判据和变化规律.     

Cu2+和Cu-EDTA对鲫鱼脑组织应激蛋白HSP70诱导的影响

以鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)作为实验对象,经过40d不同浓度铜(Cu²⁺)及其配合物(Cu-EDTA)的暴露后,运用SDS-PAGE和Western Blotting方法检测鱼脑组织内应激蛋白HSP70的诱导表达情况.结果表明:在实验浓度下,与对照组相比,Cu²⁺和Cu-EDTA对鱼脑内HSP70有显著的诱导(p<0.05),而将Cu²⁺和Cu-EDTA实验组相对比,络合剂EDTA一定程度上改变了Cu的生物可利用性,从而降低了其毒性.实验还发现,Cu²⁺浓度在国家渔业水质标准0.01mg/L下时,鱼脑组织内HSP70已经有明显的表达,说明运用分子生物学指标要比传统的环境监测指标更敏感,具有对污染物早期预警的作用.     

未知含铜物料固体废物属性鉴别研究

以某未知样品为研究对象,综合样品外观及物理、化学等特性,分析得出样品具有和铜冶炼渣一致的特征,含有特征物相——铁橄榄石,成分与铜精炼炉渣类似,而且其碳含量较高,含有少许金属铜,可以判断样品为铜;台炼渣。经过破碎、研磨、浮选得篓Ⅱ精炼渣（铜精矿）,可作为炼铜原料投入生产。     

络合态金属铜在大型水蚤(Daphnia magna)体内的生物积累及生物毒性

以人工稀释水作为背景水样,通过实验室暴露和化学平衡软件的辅助分析,研究了4种有机络合剂(草酸、酒石酸、EDTA和腐殖酸)对大型水蚤(Daphniamagna)体内铜的生物积累(BBD)以及生物毒性的影响.结果表明,有机络合剂的存在降低了大型水蚤体内生物积累量和金属硫蛋白(MT)含量,明显降低了水体中金属Cu的毒性,4种不同有机络合剂所产生的效果大体相同;有机络合态的铜也能为大型水蚤所吸收和利用,在相同浓度条件下大型水蚤对腐殖酸络合态铜的利用大于EDTA络合态铜.     

单独与混合暴露条件下褶纹冠蚌对Cu、Zn的积累与分布

采用室内模拟方法,在单独与混合暴露条件下研究了褶纹冠蚌(Cristaria plicata)对Cu、Zn的积累与分布特征.结果表明:褶纹冠蚌对水环境中的Cu、Zn具有良好的积累能力,持续暴露8d内,体内各组织重金属积累量基本呈线性上升,其中鳃与外套积累速率最快(p<0.05).Cu在褶纹冠蚌鳃、内脏团和生殖腺中的积累速率与Zn之间存在显著差异(p<0.05),且Cu、Zn之间在各组织中的积累拮抗作用明显.暴露前,Cu含量在褶纹冠蚌体内依次为:生殖腺>外套、内脏团>鳃、足>肌肉(p<0.05),变化幅度为10倍左右;Zn含量依次为:鳃>内脏团>生殖腺>足、外套>肌肉(p<0.05),变化幅度为4倍左右.暴露后,外套和鳃对Cu、Zn的积累量最高,且Cu、Zn含量在不同组织间的变化幅度明显增加.暴露前后,Cu含量在不同组织间的变化幅度均高于Zn.不同暴露条件下,褶纹冠蚌不同组织对Zn的浓缩系数(BCF)明显高于Cu.