Some statistical and conceptual issues in the detection of low-level environmental pollutants

With increasing concern over chemicals that are potential health hazards at low levels, determination of limits of detection have undergone considerable scrutiny. Most traditional detection limit estimators suffer from extensive statistical and/or conceptual limitations. In this paper, traditional detection limit estimators are described and critically evaluated. Using the terminology of Currie (1968), methods are categorized into decision limits versus detection limits. The methods are further categorized into single concentration design versus calibration design methodologies. While the single concentration design methods are useful for fixing ideas and clarifying definitions, they are shown to be extremely limited in practice since dependence of variability on concentration can neither be estimated or incorporated. Calibration-based detection limit estimators are described, compared and contrasted. Generalizations to non-constant variance, multiple future detection decisions and simultaneous control of Type I and II errors are provided. The various calibration-based methods are illustrated using real data and experimental design issues for detection limit studies discussed.     

浦东新区土壤—食物链中的铜锌

本文调查了浦东新区污灌区、吹泥区和一般区三种处理土壤中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ的水平和垂直分布，Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ分层现象不明显，水平差异较大，但三种关型土壤差异不显著。Ｃｕ在食物链中累积系数铰小，一般小于１．０，而Ｚｎ的累积程度较大，尤其是以人为消费者的食物链中，累积系数最高达到１８。     

铜的形态分布与Daphnia magna急性毒性关系

本文利用化学平衡模式ＭＩＮＴＥＡＱ２研究不同酸度,碱度和有机配体存在下铜的形态分布特点,通过Ｄａｐｈｎｉａ ｍａｇｎａ毒性试验获得形态变化时的毒性变化规律。结果显示：无论是总量,还是游离态浓度,都不能反映出铜的毒性大小。     

酵母基因报道系统检测环境二恶英类似物的污染

利用一套酵母基因报道检测系统，建立和标化了对二恶英类标准样品测定的方法，证明此系统可检测ng级的二恶英及其类似物，具有简单、快速的的特点．对广州市区工业和生活污水排放较为集中的水体进行的测定显示，二恶英及其类似物在部分地区超标，而各区经处理的自来水均无超标污染．对小鼠急性毒性实验的血清样品的测定同样证明系统能够测定未浓缩处理的复杂样本，具有一定的应用价值．图4参10     

The Role of Hybrid Vigor in the Replacement of Pecos Pupfish by Its Hybrids with Sheepshead Minnow

Abstract:  Many species are jeopardized by hybridization and genetic introgression with closely related species. Unfortunately, the mechanisms that promote or retard gene flow between divergent populations are little studied and poorly understood. Like many imperiled fish species, the Pecos pupfish ( Cyprinodon pecosensis ) is threatened with replacement by its hybrids with a close congener. We examined swimming performance and growth rate of hybrid pupfish to determine the role of hybrid vigor in the genetic homogenization of C. pecosensis by its hybrids with sheepshead minnow ( C. variegatus ). The F1 hybrids, backcross hybrids, and purebred C. variegatus displayed greater swimming endurance than purebred C. pecosensis . In addition, F1 hybrids and C. variegatus grew more rapidly than C. pecosensis . The ecological superiority of hybrids probably promoted their rapid spread through and beyond the historic range of C. pecosensis . These results indicate that eradication of hybrids and restoration of C. pecosensis to its native range is unlikely. Extinction of unique species via genetic homogenization can result from human activities that increase gene flow between historically fragmented populations; conservation managers must weigh the potential for such a catastrophe against the presumed benefits of increased interpopulation gene flow. This example illustrates how, after hybridization has occurred, conflict may arise between formerly complementary conservation goals.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌DC-4豆豉溶栓酶成熟肽编码序列的克隆及表达

利用PCR方法从解淀粉芽孢杆菌DC 4总DNA中扩增出豆豉溶栓酶 (DFE)成熟肽编码区片段 .测序结果表明 :DFE成熟肽编码区长 82 5bp,编码 2 75个氨基酸残基 ,分子量为 2 7.7× 10 3 ,推导的N’ -端氨基酸序列与豆豉溶栓酶N’ -端氨基酸测序结果完全一致 ,说明克隆到的基因确实是豆豉溶栓酶基因 .同源性分析表明 ,DFE成熟肽编码区的核苷酸和氨基酸序列与日本纳豆激酶的同源性分别为 80 .0 %和 86 .5 % ,这提示豆豉溶栓酶可能是一种新型的溶栓酶 .将表达质粒pET Nde转化E .coliBL2 1(DE3)中 ,IPTG可诱导表达大量的DFE融合蛋白 ,占菌体可溶性蛋白的 4 0 % ,主要以包涵体的形式存在 .图 3表 1参 19     

植物次生代谢:功能、调控及其基因工程

植物次生代谢物具有多种重要的生物学功能 ,在工农业生产和人们日常生活中具有广阔的应用前景 .随着可持续农业的发展 ,植物次生代谢物的化学生态学功能及其对农产品品质的影响倍受关注 .植物次生代谢调控的生物化学、分子生物学和基因工程已成了当今国际生物界十分活跃的前沿研究领域 .本文仅就植物次生代谢物功能、代谢调控及基因工程研究进行简要的概述 .1　植物次生代谢物的功能1.1　植物次生代谢物的化学生态学功能植物次生代谢物按其合成方式可分为组成型和诱导型两种类型 ,它们在植物与植物、植物与微生物及植物与昆虫之间的关系中行…     

云南粳稻耐低磷特性的主基因加多基因遗传分析

磷高效水稻培育是提高土壤潜在磷利用效率的一种途径,通过对云南粳稻耐低磷特性的主基因加多基因遗传分析,可以明确耐低磷特性主基因的存在、对数及遗传效应的大小,为磷高效育种提供理论依据。本试验通过云南主栽粳稻品种合系35(Oryza sativa)与耐低磷极强早旱谷(Oryza sativa)配制P1、P2、F1、F2或F3世代,在云南省农科院进行低磷胁迫试验,对耐低磷鉴定和主基因加多基因联合遗传分析,结果表明:早旱谷的分蘖和株穗产量基因受两对主效基因 多基因相互配合遗传控制的,两对主基因间存在上位性效应,两主基因间效应差异较大。分蘖力F2主基因遗传率为58.82%~72.13%,F3主基因遗传率为45.88%~57.96%;株穗产量F2主基因遗传率60.94%~83.08%,F3主基因遗传率为62.20%~75.80%。因此育种中应当充分重视主基因的利用,利用主基因应以第一对主基因的加性效应为主,对后代耐低磷性状的选择宜从F2代开始,杂交的后期世代也要注意耐性的选择。     

不同来源的苏云金芽孢杆菌aiiA基因表达及其抗病性分析

苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)aiiA基因所编码的AiiA蛋白是一种内酯酶,可以降解N-乙酰高丝氨酸内酯(N-acyl-homoserine lactones,AHLs),从而减弱致病菌产生的危害.本研究克隆了6株不同来源的苏云金芽孢杆菌aiiA基因,并对来自于苔藓(LLB15)和土壤(LLS9)的BtaiiA基因进行了生物信息学分析.结果表明,AiiA-B15分子量为27.97×103,等电点为4.59;AiiA-S9分子量为28.14×103,等电点为4.32,两者都是亲水性蛋白.AiiA蛋白具有很高的保守性,AiiA-B15和AiiA-S9同源性为90%.进化树结果表明,AiiA-B15与Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kyushuensis进化距离最近,AiiA-S9与Bacillus cereus进化距离最近.将aiiA-B15基因克隆到pGEX-4T-3表达载体中,构建重组质粒pGEXaiiA-B15,IPTG诱导后可大量表达融合蛋白.对表达的条件进行优化.结果表明,0.6mmol/LIPTG,30℃下诱导3h为最佳诱导条件.致病性检测表明,该融合蛋白对胡萝卜欧文氏软腐病菌具有较强的抗病作用.图13表4参23     

同源四倍体与二倍体水稻Wx基因位点的遗传差异

测定了中国科学院成都生物所培育出的14种同源四倍体水稻及8种大面积推广的二倍体水稻的直链淀粉含量，并利用微卫星标记484／485，Wxup2／485及PCR—AceⅠ分子标记对同源四倍体及二倍体水稻进行扩增．发现直链淀粉含量发生变化的部分同源四倍体水稻队基因位点发生变异，表明微卫星标记与同源四倍体水稻直链淀粉含量之间存在相关性，并初步探讨了同源四倍体水稻Wx基因位点遗传变异的原因．图2表1参13