环境因素对土壤中几种典型四环素抗性基因形成的影响

兽用四环素在养殖业中的大量使用导致了日益严重的环境污染,其诱导生成的抗性基因更可能产生比其自身污染更大的环境危害.本研究探讨了环境因素对几种典型四环素抗性基因(tetA、tetC)形成的影响,结果表明,温度、光照及pH能够对土壤中四环素抗性基因的形成产生显著的影响,在较为合适的温度条件(25℃)、光照条件(500 lx)和pH(7.5)条件下,土壤中四环素耐药菌菌落数和四环素抗性基因总含量均处于较高的水平,并多显著高于其他环境条件下的诱导水平(P<0.05),而高温、强光照及较高的pH条件能够有效抑制土壤中四环素抗性基因的形成,抑制的主要途径可能包括影响土壤中四环素的残留水平或直接影响抗性基因的生成,同时研究也发现这些不利的环境条件也抑制了土壤中四环素耐药菌的生长.进一步分析在两种不同通气处理条件下土壤中所诱导产生的四环素抗性基因含量水平与土壤中四环素耐药菌数量之间的关系,发现在两种条件下四环素抗性基因含量水平与土壤中四环素耐药菌数量之间存在着较为显著的正相关关系(R2好氧=0.7872,n=30;R2缺氧=0.8841,n=21),土壤中四环素耐药菌的生长对四环素抗性基因的形成也起到了关键性作用.     

3种典型消毒副产物对细菌抗生素抗性的影响

本文研究了消毒副产物对细菌抗生素抗性的作用.分别选取三卤甲烷类(THMs)、卤乙酸类(HAAs)以及醛类消毒副产物中典型物质一氯二溴甲烷(CDBM)、碘乙酸(IAA)和水合三氯乙醛(CH),研究了细菌经消毒副产物染毒之后,对多种抗生素的抗性变化情况.结果发现,3种消毒副产物均可以诱导野生型铜绿假单胞菌提高对5种受试抗生素的抗性,提高作用IAACHCDBM.IAA对多重抗性也具有一定的提高作用.野生型大肠杆菌的抗生素抗性同样能够被DBPs诱导提高,说明DBPs对抗性的影响具有普遍性.其作用机制可能是DBPs通过氧化胁迫机制诱导细菌发生突变,进而提高细菌抗生素抗性.本研究表明饮用水系统中部分细菌抗生素抗性的获得可能与消毒副产物有关;除毒理学风险外,消毒副产物的流行病学风险同样不容忽视.     

镉超积累植物龙葵叶片中镉的积累与有机酸含量的关系

采用盆栽试验方法,研究镉超积累植物龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.)不同生育期叶片中有机酸的含量与组成,及其与镉生物积累的关系.结果表明,当土壤中镉浓度为25μg.g-1时,苗期和成熟期龙葵叶片镉积累量均达到100μg.g-1以上,且地上部镉含量大于根部镉含量.苗期与成熟期有机酸的含量变化差异显著,苗期龙葵叶片4种有机酸的含量大小为乙酸>酒石酸>苹果酸>柠檬酸;成熟期有机酸含量顺序为苹果酸>酒石酸、乙酸>柠檬酸.苗期龙葵叶片中酒石酸含量与镉含量呈极显著相关,成熟期则发现乙酸和柠檬酸含量与叶片中镉含量呈显著相关,说明龙葵叶片中酒石酸、柠檬酸和乙酸分别可以指示不同生育期龙葵叶片中镉的积累.     

油田回注水中硫酸盐还原原核生物的快速检测和群落结构分析

利用荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术,采用荧光标记的rRNA探针及其组合对胜利油田胜利采油厂回注水中硫酸盐还原原核生物(Sulfate reducing prokaryotes,SRPs,包括硫酸盐还原细菌和硫酸盐还原古菌)进行检测,分析了该回注水中SRPs群落结构.结果表明:SRPs在胜利油田回注水中具有极高的种群多样性,广泛分布于4个细菌门和1个古菌门;总数可达2.86×104个/mL,占回注水中总微生物细胞的20%左右;其中优势菌属为脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)和脱硫肠状菌属(Desulfotomaculum),分别占回注水微生物总细胞数的8.71%(±4.45%),和12.15%(±3.90%).Desulfobacterales和Syntrophobacterales这2个目中的SRPs,Thermodesulfobacteriales以及Thermodesulfovibro属的SRPs分别占样品微生物总量的7.59%(±2.92%),3.57%(±1.39%)和2.32%(±0.80%).除此之外,也检测到了占微生物总量4.29%(±1.75%)的Archaeoglobus属的SRPs,证明了古菌类SRPs是回注水中一个不容忽视的硫酸盐还原微生物种群.FISH法能够快速、准确地检测回注水中SRPs数量,解析SRPs群落结构.     

Multiple biomarkers response in maize (Zea mays L.) during exposure to copper

Biomarkers in higher plants played an important role to estimate exposure effects of pollutants in soil ecosystem and have received increasing attention in recent years. The qualitative and quantitative modifications arising in amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） profiles as a measure of DNA effects were compared with a number of parameters, namely, the root length, total soluble protein content in root tips, chlorophylls content and shoot size to select the most sensitive biomarker responding to copper stress in the range of 0--600 mg/kg. The changes occurring in AFLP profiles of root tips following Cu treatment included loss of normal bands and appearance of new bands and variation in band intensity in comparison to that of the normal seedlings, A reduction in root length was observed at the 200 mg/kg of copper, which was accompanied with a decrease in total soluble protein content. According to their sensitivity to the copper toxicity, the above indicator rank in the following order： AFLP profiles 〉 total soluble protein content 〉 root length 〉 chlorophylls content 〉 shoot. We concluded that the AFLP offered a useful alternative hiomarker assay for the detection of genotoxic effects of environmental pollutants.     

Isolation of culturable mycobiota from agricultural soils and determination of tolerance to glyphosate of nontoxigenic Aspergillus section Flavi strains

Glyphosate-based herbicides are extensively used in Argentina's agricultural system to control undesirable weeds. This study was conducted to evaluate the culturable mycobiota [colony forming units (CFU) g^?1 and frequency of fungal genera or species] from an agricultural field exposed to pesticides. In addition, we evaluated the tolerance of A. oryzae and nontoxigenic A. flavus strains to high concentrations (100 to 500 mM – 17,000 to 84,500 ppm) of a glyphosate commercial formulation. The analysis of the mycobiota showed that the frequency of the main fungal genera varied according to the analyzed sampling period. Aspergillus spp. or Aspergillus section Flavi strains were isolated from 20 to 100% of the soil samples. Sterilia spp. were also observed throughout the sampling (50 to 100%). Aspergillus section Flavi tolerance assays showed that all of the tested strains were able to develop at the highest glyphosate concentration tested regardless of the water availability conditions. In general, significant reductions in growth rates were observed with increasing concentrations of the herbicide. However, a complete inhibition of fungal growth was not observed with the concentrations assayed. This study contributes to the knowledge of culturable mycobiota from agricultural soils exposed to pesticides and provides evidence on the effective growth ability of A. oryzae and nontoxigenic A. flavus strains exposed to high glyphosate concentrations in vitro.     

Assessment of the risk of excess sulfur input into terrestrial ecosystems of the Kola Peninsula

The tolerance of terrestrial ecosystems of the Kola Peninsula to atmospheric deposition of acid-forming sulfur compounds and the risk of their excess input into these ecosystems have been assessed on the basis of the critical load concept. The most sensitive ecosystems (critical sulfur load <400 equiv/ha per year) occupy 58% of the total area of the peninsula. These are mainly pine, spruce, and birch forests (including open and crooked birch forests) growing on podzols formed on sandy boulder-pebble glacial deposits. The zones of ecological risk cover the northwestern and central parts of the peninsula near the Pechenganikel and Severonikel combined works (20% of the total area).     

Preserving Population Allele Frequencies in Ex Situ Conservation Programs

Abstract: Optimization of contributions of parents to progeny by minimizing the average coancestry of the progeny is an effective strategy for maintaining genetic diversity in ex situ conservation programs, but its application on the basis of molecular markers has the negative collateral effect of homogenizing the allelic frequencies at each locus. Because one of the objectives of a conservation program is to preserve the genetic composition of the original endangered population, we devised a method in which markers are used to maintain the allele frequency distribution at each locus as closely as possible to that of the native population. Contributions of parents were obtained so as to minimize changes in allele frequency for a set of molecular markers in a population of reduced size. We used computer simulations, under a range of scenarios, to assess the effectiveness of the method in comparison with methods in which contributions of minimum coancestry are sought, either making use of molecular markers or genealogical information. Our simulations indicated that the proposed method effectively maintained the original distribution of allele frequencies, particularly under strong linkage, and maintained acceptable levels of genetic diversity in the population. Nevertheless, contributions of minimum coancestry determined from pedigree information but ignoring the genealogy previous to the conservation program, was the most effective method for maintaining allelic frequencies in realistic situations.