Standardizing the Methodology of Sperm Cell Test with Paracentrotus Lividus

The sperm cell toxicity test with Paracentrotus lividus is widely used in Italy to assess the quality of complex aqueous matrices, but at present there is a shortage of standardized methodologies for the bioassay performance. In this work several critical points were considered, in order to verify the reliability of this bioassay and to improve its standardization.In particular, we have studied the differences in EC50 values at different sperm: egg ratios and with different quantities of gametes; the influence of sperm and eggs on fertilization rate and the influence of different recipients materials (plastic or glass). At the same time, it was evaluated if the obtained EC50 values were in accordance with those reported in literature.Experiments performed yielded EC50 values for copper ranging from 16.54 μ g/l to 69.59 μ g/l, with a total mean value ± SD of 39.79 μ g/l ± 11.17. These data fit with those found in literature for other echinoid species. According to the same authors, poor fertilization was probably due to the effects on sperm and not on eggs, and moreover the linear regression analysis performed on each experiment suggested that the best amount of eggs to use in the test was 1000.Results from the comparison between the performance of the test in plastic or glass tubes showed an higher success in fertilization rate using borosilicate glass tubes.     

Evaluation of the Fertilization Capability of Paracentrotus Lividus Sea Urchin Storaged Gametes by the Exposure to Different Aqueous Matrices

Several experiments were performed to evaluate the fertilization capability of Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin gametes, which are usually used in fertilization tests, but which, until now, were employed only for few hours after spawning.The aim of this work is to evaluate the possibility of performing the bioassay for longer periods, employing ‘conserved' gametes. As far as the method, the sperm was stored ‘dry' at 4 ^∘C; eggs were conserved in an antibiotic solution at 4 ^∘C, and they were exposed both to copper solutions as reference toxicant and to aqueous matrices.The use of conserved gametes in the fertilization bioassay lead to EC50 values which were acceptable for about 3 days. Moreover, these experiments permitted to identify the limiting factor: the male gamete.     

乌鲁木齐地区河、库、污水中重金属的化学形态与污染特征

水休中重金属元素的生态效应和运动规律与其存在的形态密切相关。本文研究了该地区主要水系乌鲁木齐河中下游、头屯河、水磨河及位于四宫的乌市排污水中重金属Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu的物理化学形态及其分布特征。应用UV照射分离有机物,ASV法测定,获4元素的总量、悬浮颗粒态、溶解态及溶解态中不稳定态、稳定无机态和稳定有机态的含量。并对这些形态的形成、分配比和分布进行了分析讨论。     

铜铬催化剂清洁生产工艺研究

采用清洁生产概念与思维模式,对铜铬催化剂生产全过程进行审核,找出造成其产率低、活性差、污染重的原因及影响因素。以新催化剂研制理论和方法为指导,探讨铜铬催化剂用于糠醇生产过程中提高其产率、活性、原材料利用率以及减轻污染的清洁生产工艺。试验结果表明,在pH为6．2～6．5、Cu／Cr质量比为1：1、反应温度为65℃,活化温度为400℃的条件下,催化剂能获得较高产率和活性。按此新工艺生产的催化剂,产率可提高22％,Cr^6 的排放量可减少95％,活性可提高一倍,废品率可由原来的10％降至零。     

用电解法从富集氰化废液中回收铜的研究

叙述了从富集氰化废液中电解回收铜的试验研究结果。通过电极材料、电流密度、离子共沉积、游离氰、电解时间、温度和极间距等一系列试验,探索电解过程中各项最佳条件,为工业电解提供可靠的工艺参考。      

长江南京段沉积物中铜、镉形态对水生生物富集的影响

为了全面定量地考察沉积物中各种金属结合形态对不同水生生物富集的影响,运用重金属逐级提取法及采用人工半合成方法,对长江南京段沉积物中铜、镉形态分布不同的情况下鲤鱼和螺蛳对这两种重金属的富集进行了研究。结果表明,沉积物通过对溶解态的贡献间接影响鲤鱼对铜、镉的富集,对螺蛳富集铜、镉同时有直接和间接影响,大小顺序为：阳离子可交换态≥碳酸盐结合态＞有机物和硫化物结合态＞铁锰氧化物结合态＞残渣态。并得出了溶解态和沉积物各态对螺蛳富集铜、镉影响的贡献方程式,指出离子可交换态对富集的贡献比残渣态大10⁵倍。据此可以认为,为了减少受重金属污染河流中水生生物体内的富集量,对生活在水上、中层的鱼类来说,主要应控制水中的重金属浓度;对底栖生物来说,水和沉积物中重金属浓度都应受到控制。     

磁性CuS/γ-Fe2O3复合材料光催化处理染料废水

以氯化铜、纳米γ-Fe₂O₃和硫脲为原材料,乙二醇为溶剂,采用溶剂热法制备了磁性CuS/γ-Fe₂O₃复合光催化剂。考察了该光催化剂对刚果红染料废水的处理效果。在m（CuS）:m（γ-Fe₂O₃）=2:1、刚果红初始质量浓度为10 mg/L、光催化剂投加量为0.6 g/L的最佳工艺条件下,刚果红去除率达96.51%。阴离子Cl^-、NO₃^- 及SO₄^2-对该光催化剂的催化活性具有促进作用,其中SO₄^2–的促进作用最显著。该光催化剂具有较好的活性稳定性,重复使用6次后刚果红去除率仍高达90.50 %。     

悬浮电解法回收废旧电子印刷线路板中的铜

以废旧电子印刷线路板中的金属铜为处理对象,采用悬浮电解法制取纯铜粉。选择了4个影响铜粉的纯度、脱落率和电流效率的因素,每个因素3个水平进行正交实验。实验结果表明,硫酸铜的浓度、氯离子的浓度和电流密度对铜粉的纯度、脱落率和电流效率有较大的影响。通过对正交实验结果的分析得出最优的电解条件,在此电解条件下可得到铜粉的纯度99.8%、脱落率99.6%和电流效率99.7%。     

铬离子对SBR工艺活性污泥毒性作用研究

针对重金属铬离子对SBR工艺系统中活性污泥的毒性作用,通过检测不同初始污泥容积指数(SVI)下SBR工艺活性污泥在不同铬负荷下的COD值、挥发性污泥浓度以及受铬离子影响的污泥容积指数(SVI),研究重金属铬离子对活性污泥的毒性作用以及对SBR工艺系统处理污水的影响。研究表明,重金属铬离子会导致SBR工艺系统出水COD升高;将铬离子对活性污泥的毒性作用按照挥发性污泥(MLVSS)铬负荷可划分为耐受范围、非耐受范围、细胞失活范围以及细胞分解范围。耐受范围铬负荷低于约30 mg Cr3+/gMLVSS,此范围内铬离子对于活性污泥的毒性作用不大,不致于导致系统出水水质变差;非耐受范围铬负荷在约30~65 mg Cr3+/g MLVSS,在铬离子作用下系统出水COD值明显高于对照系统;细胞失活范围铬负荷在约70~100 mg Cr3+/gMLVSS范围内,SVI大幅下降,微生物部份死亡和失活,出水COD尽管有一些下降,但与进水COD相比差不了多少;细胞分解范围铬负荷在约100 mg Cr3+/gMLVSS以上,微生物大量死亡,部分死亡细胞分解,系统出水COD值因微生物的死亡分解而超出进水COD值,受铬离子影响的系统SVI值大幅度降低。     

膜电解法从模拟酸性蚀刻废液中回收铜粉

酸性蚀刻废液是一种印制电路板制作过程中产生的强酸、高铜的工业废水,对其回收利用具有较高的经济价值。采用膜电解法处理模拟酸性蚀刻废液,在阴极区回收铜粉。研究了铜粉的形成条件,考察了阴极液铜浓度、温度和电流密度对阴极电流效率的影响。结果表明,阴极液的铜浓度在20~25 g/L,温度为45~50℃,电流密度在11~12 A/dm2,阴极的电流效率最高。随着阴极液酸度的增加,铜粉的纯度提高,但阴极电效会降低。为保证较高的铜粉纯度及阴极电效,阴极液的酸度在0.32~0.36 mol/L为宜。