不适宜生长条件对混菌降解苯胺的影响

分别从台州和衢州某化工厂的好氧池中分离筛选得到2株苯胺降解菌TZ1和JH1,经16S rDNA测序鉴定为Comamonas sp.TZ1和Pseudomonas sp.JH1,均具有较强的苯胺降解能力,培养24 h后,可使初始浓度为800 mg/L的苯胺去除率达到96.4%~98.4%。在此基础上,按体积比1∶1将2株菌液进行混合构建了混合菌体系,进而对比考察了苯胺初始浓度、pH、盐度和重金属等环境因子对单一菌和混合菌生长量及降解苯胺效果的影响,重点探讨混合菌对不适宜生长环境的适应性及其对苯胺的降解特性。通过单一菌和混合菌对比实验发现,在适宜苯胺初始浓度、pH和盐度条件下,混合菌的生长量略高于单一菌;在不适宜生长的高浓度苯胺、pH和盐度条件下,混合菌也表现出了更强的适应性和苯胺矿化能力。Zn2+和Cr6+耐受实验则表明,对于Cr6+,混合菌表现出了更强的耐受能力,而对于Zn2+并没有表现出更强的耐受能力。     

Effects of estrone on the early life stages and expression of vitellogenin and estrogen receptor genes of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

The fertilized eggs of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to estrone (E1) at 5–5000 ng L⁻¹ for 15 d, and the hatched fry were exposed continuously to the same concentrations for the additional 15 d. Adverse effects on hatchability, time to hatching, and gross abnormalities occurred at 50 ng L⁻¹ or above. Then the fry were divided into a continual exposure group, and a water recovery group. When the fry were exposed to E1 for another 60 d, there was a decrease in the hepatosomatic index (HSI) of males and the influence disappeared in the water recovery group. The gonadosonatic index (GSI) of females at 500 ng L⁻¹ decreased significantly in another 60 d exposure. While the fry were maintained in dechlorinated tap water for 60 d, a significant decrease in female GSI was observed at 50 ng L⁻¹ or above. An increased GSI was found in males in both continual exposure and water recovery groups at all E1 treatments. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that vitellogenin-I (Vtg-I) gene expressions in the female liver were significantly down-regulated at 50 ng L⁻¹ in the continual exposure group, and at 500 ng L⁻¹ in the water recovery group, while male Vtg-I genes were significantly up-regulated for all E1 treatments. In addition, all E1 treatments caused sex reversal of males. These results suggest that E1 at 5 ng L⁻¹ or above have unrecoverable impacts on the gonadal growth and development of medaka, even if only early life stages were exposed to E1.     

几种络合态铜对彩虹方头鱼的生物有效性

通过暴露实验和化学形态计算方法研究了彩虹方头鱼(Ｐａｒａｃｈｅｉｒｏｄｏｎｉｎｎｅｓｉ)对四种铜络合物的吸收．结果表明,络合态铜可被彩虹方头鱼吸收,但对络合态铜的吸收率显著低于对非络合态铜的吸收率,在其它形态铜含量基本恒定的条件下,铜吸收量随络合态铜含量的增加而呈线性增加趋势．不同络合态铜的有效性也有显著差别,条件稳定常数越高,则越不容易被吸收．由于铜暴露导致的粘液分泌量的变化从另一侧面证实了络合态铜的可吸收性．     

短小芽孢杆菌A—30耐碱性木聚糖酶基因的分子生物学研究

采用PCR方法对短小芽孢杆菌A－30菌株的耐碱性木聚糖酶基因进行克隆。在木聚糖选择平板上用刚果红染色法筛选出阳性克隆,提取阳性克隆的重组质粒进行酶切鉴定和测序。该基因在大肠杆菌中表达,过夜培养物胞外、胞内和周质空间的木聚糖酶酶活分别为0．159IUmL^-1、0.322IUmL^-1和0.007IUmL^-1。此木聚糖酶表现出较宽的pH作用范围,最适作用pH7左右,在pH9时仍有60％以上的酶活性。图4参14     

湖北铜绿山古铜矿冶炼渣植被与优势植物的重金属含量研究

对已废弃3000余年的湖北铜绿山古冶炼渣堆进行了植被和土壤调查。化学分析表明,冶炼渣的含Cu量极高,总量和有效态的Cu质量分数ω（Cu)分别为7789和538mg kg^-1。Cu的毒是影响铜绿山植物自然定居的限制因子。铜绿山现已形成了以草本植物为主体的良好植被,本次调查共记录有高等植物28种,隶属25属15科。优势种包括海洲香薷、蝇子草、鸭跖草、头花蓼、滨蒿、白茅和狗尾草等7种植物。植物分布与土壤中Cu含量有一定的相关性,鸭跖草分布区土壤中的Cu含量最高,白茅分布区土壤中的Cu含量最低,而其它5种植物的分布区含Cu范围较广,平均在7000mg kg^-1左右。除白茅、狗尾草和滨蒿外,其它4种优势植物都有一定的Cu指示作用,尤其以这些植物的单优群落或者是它们的集合具有更高的指示价值。本文首次报道鸭跖草是Cu的超富集植物,Cu^2 在地上部分（DW）和根部（DW）的质量分数（ω）分别为1034和1224mg kg^-1。而早期报道Cu超富集植物的海洲香薷则证明不是Cu超富集植物。综合植物分布区土壤中的Cu含量和植物体的Cu含量,认为铜绿山海洲香薷、鸭跖草、蝇子草、头花蓼、滨蒿种群都是Cu耐性植物,可用于富Cu土壤如矿业废弃地的植被重建,而超富集植物鸭跖草可用于Cu污染土壤的植物修复。表4参22     

氧化亚氮形成的微生物学分子机制研究进展

1　氧化亚氮 (Ｎ2 Ｏ)的形成Ｎ2 Ｏ是继ＣＯ2 、ＣＨ4之后的第三大温室气体 ,它能破坏大气中的臭氧层 .在过去的 2 0～ 30年间 ,Ｎ2 Ｏ以每年 0 .2 %～ 0 .3%的速率增长 ,并且有进一步增长的趋势[1 ] .地球上人类和其他生物的活动是Ｎ2 Ｏ产生的主要来源 ,而微生物是其中最重要的生物源 .微生物产生Ｎ2 Ｏ的机理主要是通过硝化作用和反硝化作用过程进行的 ,如图 1所示 .反硝化过程中Ｎ2 Ｏ的形成 :硝化过程中Ｎ2 Ｏ的形成 :图 1　Ｎ2 Ｏ的形成Ｆｉｇ.1　ＦｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆＮ2 Ｏ　　催化反硝化过程的酶有 4种 :硝酸还原酶 (Ｎａｒ)、亚…     

Comparative Salinity Tolerance of Three Indigenous Tropical Freshwater Cladoceran Species; Moinodaphnia Macleayi, Ceriodaphnia Rigaudii and Diaphanosoma Brachyurum

The acute salinity tolerance of three tropical freshwater cladoceran species, M. macleayi, C. rigaudii and D. brachyurum was determined. The existence of these species represented new records for Trinidad and Tobago, a tropical Caribbean island. It has a large oil based industry, in which, the primary effluent (saline produced water) is discharged directly into many freshwater systems. Cladoceran species are used routinely in temperate regions, to assess the impacts of chemicals and effluents in freshwater systems. However, relatively few studies have assessed the salinity tolerance of these organisms. Test organisms were assayed using seven salinity treatments (0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25‰) prepared by volumetrically mixing natural filtered seawater with dilution water. C. rigaudii had a 48 h LC50 of 1.6‰, M. macleayi 1.5‰ and D. brachyurum <1‰. The CSmax (critical salinity maximum) for C. rigaudii and M. macleayi was 3‰ after 48 h, compared to 1‰ for D. brachyurum. There was no salinity value at which there was 100% survival. The resulting salinity response curve was a straight line which indicated that each species was intolerant of salt. Consequently, any of these can be considered as a representative freshwater organism for toxicity testing in Trinidad and Tobago.     

不同提取剂提取酸性土壤有效态Cu和Cd的方法研究

选择HCl（1#）、HOAc（2#）、NaNO3（3#）和CaCl2（4#）、NH4OAc（5#）、NaOAc（6#）6种不同的提取剂提取某冶炼厂周边重金属污染水稻田土壤中有效态Cu和Cd。结果表明,对土壤有效态Cu,各提取剂按提取量排序为：1#〉2#〉5#〉4#〉3#〉6#,对土壤有效态Cd,各提取剂按提取量排序为：1#〉5#〉2#≈4#〉6#〉3#,有效态Cu的提取量因提取剂种类不同差异较Cd大;4#、5#两种提取剂对土壤有效态Cu和Cd的提取结果变异范围较集中,实验结果相对较稳定;各提取剂提取土壤有效态Cu和Cd的量与其在土壤中全量都显著相关,仅5撑提取剂的提取量与水稻籽粒中Cu、Cd的质量比显著相关。综合实验结果的稳定性与土壤重金属有效态的实际意义,NH4OAc（5#）为最适合提取该研究土壤中有效态Cu和Cd的提取剂。     

基于H∞理论的磁流变阻尼器半主动容错控制

建筑结构的半主动控制系统中的传感器,在强震作用下可能因出现故障而影响控制效果。以磁流变阻尼器为例,研究半主动容错控制系统的设计方法。首先,研究了基于状态观测器的半主动H∞控制器设计方法,并将之应用到建筑结构采用磁流变阻尼器的减振控制中;运用改进Bouc-Wen模型,计算磁流变阻尼器的阻尼力,通过求解一个代数Riccati方程和一个状态观测方程,得出了基于状态观测器的H∞主动控制律;再对其采用Clipped-optimal方法实施半主动控制策略。然后,针对传感器故障,利用观测器组的输出残差对故障进行在线诊断,并通过几个观测器状态值的比较得到故障的大小,并据此对传感器的测量值进行修正,从而消除故障对闭环系统的影响,最终实现半主动H∞容错控制。仿真结果表明,该方法具有很好的容错控制效果。