β-环糊精接枝羧甲基壳聚糖吸附剂的制备及其性能

采用γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷化学修饰活化后的硅胶,以戊二醛为交联剂,接上羧甲基壳聚糖,继而接枝上β-环糊精作为功能单体,制备了一种用于分离富集水样中Cu(Ⅱ)的固相萃取新材料。利用红外光谱(FT-IR)、比表面分析(BET)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)以及热重分析(TG)等方法对吸附剂进行结构表征。采用火焰原子吸收(FAAS)作为检测手段,考察了溶液pH、振荡时间、吸附剂用量、样品流速、洗脱液浓度和体积等对吸附剂吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的影响。吸附剂饱和吸附容量为9.37 mg/g,最大富集倍数高达350。吸附过程能用准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附方程进行很好的拟合。应用于环境水样中Cu(Ⅱ)的分离富集与测定,回收率在96.8%~105.2%之间,效果较好。     

美国排水综合毒性在有毒污染物排放控制中的应用方法与启示

简要介绍了排水综合毒性(whole effluent toxicity,WET)在美国的发展概况和相关技术指南、规范等内容,剖析了WET在美国水中有毒污染物排放控制中的应用方法,主要包括确定适用的WET基准与标准、表征废水特性以评价排水潜在毒性、计算WET排放限值和进行毒性削减评价。美国针对以上每个环节的工作都建立了一套科学的方法体系,为我国开展水中有毒污染物的排放控制管理提供了重要借鉴,即明确排污许可的核心地位,完善我国水中污染物排放控制管理制度;建立基于水环境质量的水污染物排放控制管理体系及方法;加强WET监测研究工作,确定WET用于水中有毒污染物排放控制的方法体系。     

THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE SADDLE RIVER1

ABSTRACT: A three-year study has been conducted on a 4.6 mile stretch of the Saddle River near Lodi, New Jersey. The primary objectives of this investigation were (1) to provide baseline information on the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in bottom sediments of the Saddle River; (2) to qualitatively evaluate which parameters affect this distribution; and (3) to determine the effect of urbanization on the concentration and distribution of these materials. Significant enrichments of several heavy metals were observed in bottom sediments of the lower Saddle River near Lodi, New Jersey, as compared to the upper Saddle River. Attempts to correlate metal concentrations in bottom sediments with chemical-oxygen demand were not successful in demonstrating a relationship between these two factors. Metal concentrations were found to be strongly dependent upon particle size. In general, metal concentrations in bottom sediments increased with decreasing partical diameter. However, metals enrichment was observed to be considerably greater in the larger sediment fractions studied (>420μ) than the smaller sediment fractions as one proceeded downstream through the urban area. Since the larger sediment fractions are least effected by scour and transport they may best reflect the effect of urbanization on the distribution of heavy metals over an extended period of time at a given location.     

EFFECTS OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER DISCHARGES ON AQUATIC COMMUNITIES,BOISE RWER,IDAHO1

ABSTRACT: Aquatic communities in the Boise River were examined from October 1987 to March 1988 to determine whether they were adversely affected by trace elements in effluents from two Boise wastewater treatment facilities. Trace-element concentrations in the Boise River were less than or near analytical-detection levels and were less than chronic toxicity criteria when detectable. Insect communities colonizing artificial substrates upstream and downstream from the wastewater treatment facilities were strongly associated, and coefficients of community loss indicated that effluents had benign enriching effects. The distributions of trace-element-intolerant mayflies indicated that trace-element concentrations in effluents did not adversely affect intolerant organisms in the Boise River. Condition factor of whitefish was significantly increased downstream from the Lander Street wastewater treatment facility and was significantly decreased downstream from the West Boise wastewater treatment facility.     

稀土元素的脑部蓄积性、毒性及其对人群健康的潜在危害

论述了稀土元素在动物脑部的蓄积性、对脑的毒性以及稀土区人群的脑部毒性效应,分析了稀土农业应用和稀土厂“三废”对生态环境和人群健康的潜在危害。     

乌贼墨黑色素对Pb2+-Cu2+二元体系的吸附性能研究

为探索新型生物吸附剂，以乌贼墨黑色素（SIM）为吸附剂，研究Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺单组分溶液及Pb²⁺-Cu²⁺二元混合体系中SIM对Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺的吸附效果并构建等温吸附模型.结果表明，pH值、SIM添加量、吸附时间对SIM吸附Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺的吸附量影响较大，而吸附温度对吸附效果影响较小；单组分吸附与二元混合体系吸附对比表明，二元混合体系中Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺存在竞争吸附.应用L （Langmuir）和F （Freundlich）等温吸附模型拟合了SIM对Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺单组分金属离子的吸附过程，其中L模型与试验结果拟合度更高；应用Non-modified Langmuir、Modified Langmuir isotherm、Extended Langmuir、Extended Freundlich和SRS模型5种模型对Pb²⁺-Cu²⁺二元混合体系的等温吸附过程进行拟合，其中Extended Langmuir模型与试验结果拟合度最佳.应用红外光谱（FTIR）分析SIM吸附金属离子的原理时发现，SIM上羟基、-NH和不饱和键是金属离子的吸附位点，且SIM对Pb²⁺的吸附能力优于对Cu²⁺的吸附.     

Cu在扇贝组织中的蓄积及其对酶活性的影响

采用暴露实验方法，研究了不同浓度的Cu（Cu^2＋）对栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）鳃、肌肉、内脏团组织中Cu蓄积量及过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响．结果表明：随水体中Cu浓度的升高，扇贝各组织中Cu蓄积量明显上升，Cu蓄积量顺序为：内脏〉鳃〉肌肉．Cu浓度对栉孔扇贝各组织中过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均有明显影响，各组织中酶活性均随Cu浓度升高表现为抑制-诱导-抑制的规律．这表明，栉孔扇贝各组织中CAT酶对水体中Cu污染反映敏感，存在计量-效应关系，对海洋Cu早期污染具有指示作用．图2表1参19     

苯酚类化合物对日本长腿蛙蝌蚪的急性毒性与构效关系研究

利用半静态法测定了21种取代苯酚类化合物对日本长腿蛙蝌蚪的24h 急性致死毒性(24h-LC50),并进行了定量结构活性相关研究.研究表明:大部分酚类化合物的毒性表现为极性麻醉作用.影响毒性的因素有化合物的疏水性、电性及离解行为等.     

藻类与有机污染物间的相互作用研究

本文就若干有机污染物对藻类的毒性效应及藻类对这些污染物的富集降解作用进行了系列研究。结果表明，不同污染物对藻类的毒性有很大差别，其中三有机锡的毒性最大。此外，不同藻类对毒物具有不同的敏感性，其中扁藻Platymonas sp.和斜生栅藻S．obliquus最敏感。藻类通过生物富集和生物降解两种途径去除水中污染物，其中，邻苯二甲酸二丁酯最容易被去除。藻类固定化能够在一定程度上增加藻类对污染物的降解。     

污染土壤毒性研究方法进展

综述了国内外有关污染土壤毒性研究方法 ,包括传统的方法如植物法、动物法和微生物法等和生态毒理学方法 ,并从生物、非生物和环境等方面论述了影响土壤毒性的因素 ,提出了当前土壤污染毒性研究方法中存在的问题 ,认为随着环境科学技术的发展 ,污染土壤毒性研究方法在环境保护中必将发挥越来越重要的作用