有机污染物在HDPE膜-膨润土复合防污帷幕中的一维扩散解析解

HDPE膜-膨润土复合防污帷幕被认为是目前最为安全有效的地下污染源阻隔技术之一.针对帷幕底部嵌入不透水层和帷幕下游地下水较为活跃的工况,推导了有机污染物在HDPE膜-膨润土复合防污帷幕三层结构中的一维扩散解析解.利用本文的解析解分析了HDPE膜-膨润土复合帷幕对亲水性和疏水性两类有机污染物的阻隔效果.分析结果表明:由于亲水性有机物与HDPE膜间的分配系数低,该复合防污帷幕对其阻隔效果显著优于具有高分配系数的疏水性有机物.对于疏水性有机物,可通过增大复合帷幕中膨润土的阻滞因子和帷幕厚度来改善其阻隔效果;膨润土的阻滞因子增大10倍且帷幕厚由0.6m增大为1.0m,改进后复合帷幕对疏水性有机物的阻隔效果可达到原帷幕对低分配系数亲水性有机物的阻隔水平.工程实践中可通过对HDPE膜进行表面处理以降低其分配系数或膨润土改性以增大其阻滞因子等措施来增强该复合帷幕的阻隔效果.     

利用稳定同位素202Hg稀释技术判定不同来源有机肥施用对外源汞在土壤中形态分布的影响

有机肥施入土壤后,是否会对土壤重金属的活性及植物吸收造成影响是人们关心的问题.本研究应用稳定同位素²⁰²Hg稀释技术,通过培养实验和改进的Tessier连续提取法,探索不同来源有机肥(秸秆、杨树叶、油枯、酒糟、猪粪、鸡粪)施用对外源汞在天津潮土中形态分布及有效性的影响.结果表明,在连续提取法中结合同位素²⁰²Hg稀释技术,通过同位素比值R_Hg(²⁰²Hg/²⁰⁰Hg)的变化对Hg进行形态分析,相比传统的对Hg形态直接进行含量测定,可以更精确直观地反映出Hg形态分布的变化.在潮土中加入外源²⁰²Hg和有机肥后,同位素比值R_Hg最为显著的变化集中在交换态(含水溶态)、胡敏酸结合态、富里酸结合态及有机质结合态,且不同来源有机肥对Hg形态的影响也主要集中在这部分形态,对碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态的影响较小.与未加入有机肥的对照处理相比,猪粪及鸡粪的施用使外源示踪²⁰²Hg显著向活性较强的交换态(含水溶态)、富里酸结合态转移,而在胡敏酸结合态中比例降低,下降幅度约为55%(猪粪)和58%(鸡粪).油枯及酒糟的施用,使外源示踪²⁰²Hg显著向活性较低的胡敏酸结合态转移,其同位素比值R_Hg分别增长了约90%(酒糟)和85%(油枯),而在活性较高的交换态(含水溶态)和富里酸结合态中分布比例降低.秸秆和杨树叶对于污染土壤Hg形态分布的影响并不显著.研究结果表明,不同来源的有机肥对Hg污染潮土中Hg的形态分布有显著影响,因此,在Hg污染农田土壤上施用有机肥料需要格外谨慎.     

均相Fenton法处理干法腈纶废水工艺优化与分析

采用均相Fenton法处理干法腈纶废水,并通过单因素试验和基于中心组合设计的响应面法考察了H2O2投加量、Fe2+投加量、初始pH值及反应时间的影响及其交互作用.同时,建立了以COD去除率为响应值的二次响应曲面模型,并采用方差分析对模型进行了验证.结果表明,影响COD去除效果的各因子显著性顺序依次为:Fe2+投加量>H2O2投加量>初始pH值>反应时间;Fe2+投加量与初始pH值的交互作用最为显著;反应最优组合条件为:H2O2投加量90.0mmol.L-1,Fe2+投加量30.0mmol.L-1、初始pH值3.1,反应时间113.6min,该条件下COD去除率为47.1%,与模型预测值48.5%基本一致.     

Evaluation of zeolite-sand mixtures as reactive materials protecting groundwater at waste disposal sites

To recognize properties of a mixture of Vistula sand (medium sand acc. to USCS) with Slovak zeolite as reactive materials suitable for permeable reactive barriers proposed for protection of groundwater environment in vicinity of old landfills comprehensive laboratory investigations were performed. The present study investigates the removal of contaminants specific for landfill leachates onto zeolite-sand mixtures containing 20%, 50% and 80% of zeolite (ZS20, ZS50 and ZS80). Taking into account the results of batch tests it was concluded that the Langmuir isotherm best fitted the data. It was observed that the presence of ammonium, calcium and magnesium decreases the removal efficiency of copper by 32%. Column tests of contaminant migration through the attenuation zone of the reactive materials were interpreted using the software package CXTFIT, which solves a one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation. Column test results also indicate the strong influence of the presence of interfering substances on copper immobilisation; dynamic sorption capacities decrees twofold. Throughout the landfill leachate flow through ZS80 sample, a constant reduction of NH+4 (at 100%), K+ (at 93%) and Fe total (at an average of 86%) were observed. There was no reduction in chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand.     

步兵轻武器新型夜瞄复合荧光材料耐腐蚀性能研究

采用自制的复合荧光粉体和化学载体成分,研制出一种步兵轻武器新型夜瞄复合荧光材料。采用酸溶液、碱溶液和盐溶液浸泡腐蚀的方法,研究了针对有关武器表面处理的酸性和碱性环境以及海水浸泡环境下材料的耐腐蚀性能。试验结果表明,研制的新材料具有良好的耐酸、耐碱、耐盐腐蚀性能,可满足步兵轻武器夜间瞄准需求。     

微波改性MWNTs/TiO2复合材料对1,2,3-三氯苯的光催化降解研究

在微波辐照干化的条件下用溶胶-凝胶法制备了MWNTs/TiO2复合光催化剂.对该复合材料的表征表明：随着微波功率逐渐增大至400 W,MWNTs/TiO2复合材料管径逐渐变小,且在400 W时制备的MWNTs/TiO2复合材料分散性较好.进一步增大微波功率导致复合材料的管径增大,分散性降低.研究了不同微波辐照条件下制备的MWNTs/TiO2复合光催化剂对1,2,3-三氯苯的光催化降解效果,结果表明,该复合光催化剂对1,2,3-三氯苯的光降解遵循一级反应动力学;在微波功率为400 W、辐照时间为5 min情况下制备的复合光催化剂对1,2,3-三氯苯的降解速率最快,其反应常数为0.023 7 min^-1,该值比非微波加热干化的同样复合材料的反应速率常数值提高了52%.     

Efficient nitrogen doped porous carbonaceous CO2 adsorbents based on lotus leaf

In this work, the waste biomass lotus leaf was converted into N-doped porous carbonaceous CO₂ adsorbents. The synthesis process includes carbonization of lotus leaf, melamine post-treatment and KOH activation. For the resultant sorbents, high nitrogen content can be contained due to the melamine modification and advanced porous structure were formed by KOH etching. These samples were carefully characterized by different techniques and their CO₂ adsorption properties were investigated in detail. These sorbents hold good CO₂ adsorption abilities, up to 3.87 and 5.89 mmol/g at 25 and 0°C under 1 bar, respectively. By thorough investigation, the combined interplay of N content and narrow microporous volume was found to be responsible for the CO₂ uptake for this series of sorbents. Together with the high CO₂ adsorption abilities, these carbons also display excellent reversibility, high CO₂/N₂ selectivity, applicable heat of adsorption, fast CO₂ adsorption kinetics and good dynamic CO₂ adsorption capacity. This study reveals a universal method of obtaining N-doped porous carbonaceous sorbents from leaves. The low cost of raw materials accompanied by easy synthesis procedure disclose the enormous potential of leaves-based carbons in CO₂ capture as well as many other applications.     

基于数智化生产线的木质建材生产碳排放评估

为研究数智化生产线的木质建材碳排放特征,为减碳策略提供底层数据支撑,对某数智化工厂生产的地板、木门和门套进行了基于生命周期评价的碳排放核算,其单位质量碳足迹分别为1.21,1.26和0.47kgCO₂e/kg,地板和木门的碳排放强度均高于同类产品.材料和制造过程是木质建材产品的主要碳排放来源,分别占产品总碳排的54.74%~77.47%和18.57%~38.94%;运输阶段和废气处理阶段碳排放之和均低于碳排放总量的9%.基于蒙特卡洛模拟的不确定性分析表明本研究结果具有较高精准度.数智化工厂未来可考虑从甄选低碳原材料、优化产品设计、提升设备能源效率、扩大清洁能源比例等方面进一步提升.     

长期冻融循环下固化铅锌镉复合重金属污染土抗剪强度及浸出特征研究

为了评估长期冻融循环后(最长90d (次))固化复合重金属污染土的的抗剪强度及浸出特征,采用水泥、生石灰和粉煤灰按比例混合的复合固化剂固化/稳定化铅锌镉复合重金属污染土进行三轴压缩试验及毒性特征浸出程序试验.结果表明,固化污染土体的内摩擦角仅在冻融循环3次内有明显增加,增加率高达96.3%;粘聚力在冻融循环30次内总体趋势不断下降,之后无显著变化,最终下降率达到54.23%;Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺浸出浓度与冻融循环次数呈正比;EC值与冻融循环次数在总体上正相关;长期冻融循环作用后浸出液的pH值降低.并通过扫描电子显微镜,进一步探究长期冻融循环下固化污染土抗剪强度及浸出特征的劣化机理,结果显示在冻融循环后期固化土体内生成了大量的延迟钙矾石,这些延迟钙矾石在形成过程中的膨胀作用是引起抗剪强度损失、重金属浸出浓度升高的主要原因.     

Decoupling the adsorption mechanisms of arsenate at molecular level on modified cube-shaped sponge loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

In this study, a commercial cube-shaped open-celled cellulose sponge adsorbent was modified by in-situ co-precipitation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) and used to remove As(V) from aqueous solutions. Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and TEM identified maghemite as the main iron phase of the SPION nanoparticles with an average size 13 nm. Batch adsorption experiments at 800 mg/L showed a 63% increase of adsorption capacity when loading 2.6 wt.% mass fraction of SPION in the cube-sponge. Experimental determination of the adsorption thermodynamic parameters indicated that the As(V) adsorption on the composite material is a spontaneous and exothermic process. As K-edge XAS results confirmed that the adsorption enhancement on the composite can be attributed to the nanoparticles loaded. In addition, adsorbed As(V) did not get reduced to more toxic As(III) and formed a binuclear corner-sharing complex with SPION. The advantageous cube-shape of the sponge-loaded SPION composite together with its high affinity and good adsorption capacity for As(V), good regeneration capability and the enhanced-diffusion attributed to its open-celled structure make this adsorbent a good candidate for industrial applications.