废弃Mg(OH)2/AC焙烧产物对染料吸附性能研究

吸附染料后的废弃Mg(OH)2/AC复合材料经高温焙烧得到MgO/AC复合材料,研究了制备MgO/AC的最佳焙烧条件,采用差热-热重、BET比表面积测定、X射线衍射(XRD)等技术对其进行表征,考察了MgO/AC对弱酸性艳蓝RAWL的吸附及再生性能.结果表明,伪二级动力学和Langmuir模型更适合描述MgO/AC对弱酸性艳蓝RAWL的吸附过程.4次再生后的MgO/AC对弱酸性艳蓝RAWL吸附能力仍可达到新鲜MgO/AC的1.08倍,是新鲜Mg(OH)2/AC吸附能力的2.11倍,为印染废水处理提供了廉价高效的吸附剂.     

用正交设计法研究阻燃LDPE薄膜配方

以低密度聚乙烯LDPE、氢氧化镁和微胶囊化红磷为原材料,利用正交设计法研究了新型阻燃薄膜配方,制备了阻燃型低密度聚乙烯薄膜,并对其氧指数进行测试.结果表明,新型配方中的氢氧化镁和微胶囊化红磷具有协同阻燃效果,并能在一定程度上解决燃烧时的熔滴现象;当氢氧化镁添加量小于29%时,两种阻燃剂对体系阻燃性的影响差别不明显;与纯LDPE薄膜相比,阻燃LDPE薄膜由于添加了上述两种阻燃成分,体系氧指数提高4%,改善了阻燃效果.     

堤防水泥土搅拌桩复合地基稳定分析及应用研究

提出将水泥搅拌桩运用于堤防工程的地基加固,以提高堤防工程的稳定性。分析了水泥搅拌桩的作用机理和水泥土搅拌桩复合地基承载特点,采用面积加权法计算复合土层的抗剪强度,在此基础上进行了复合地基堤防整体稳定计算。结合某河道整治工程实例,探讨了堤防地基水泥搅拌桩的加固效果,评价了不同工况下堤防的稳定性。研究表明,采用水泥搅拌桩加固堤防地基,可以有效提高地基的承载力和堤防的稳定性,且施工快捷,运用效果较好,可为类似工程提供参考。     

Removal of lead from aqueous solution by hydroxyapatite/manganese dioxide composite

A novel composite adsorbent, hydroxyapatite/manganese dioxide (HAp/MnO₂), has been developed for the purpose of removing lead ions from aqueous solutions. The combination of HAp with MnO₂ is meant to increase its adsorption capacity. Various factors that may affect the adsorption efficiency, including solution pH, coexistent substances such as humic acid and competing cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), initial solute concentration, and the duration of the reaction, have been investigated. Using this composite adsorbent, solution pH and coexistent calcium or magnesium cations were found to have no significant influence on the removal of lead ions under the experimental conditions. The adsorption equilibrium was described well by the Langmuir isotherm model, and the calculated maximum adsorption capacity was 769 mg·g⁻¹. The sorption processes obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The experimental results indicate that HAp/MnO₂ composite may be an effective adsorbent for the removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions.     

基于高通量分析的长江干流重庆段重点关注污染物筛选

应用高通量分析方法对长江干流重庆段11个断面水体中的潜在污染物进行了分析,共筛查到230种污染物。结合重庆市化学品生产使用统计结果,应用综合评分法对潜在污染物进行了评分和排序,筛选出33种流域重点关注污染物,包括农药、工业用品(邻苯二甲酸酯类、酚类雌激素、有机溶剂)及个人护理品(抗氧化剂、合成麝香、紫外吸收剂)等。结果表明,基于高通量分析方法和综合评分法可成功识别和筛选流域内重点关注污染物,为流域管理提供科学依据。     

复合地基不同参数对地面动力特性的影响分析

复合地基在我国的应用极为广泛,但应用水平参差不齐,工程质量需要提高,更需要理论指导。由于复合地基的复杂性,复合地基参数对地震作用下地面运动特性的影响,学者研究的结论和意见也不一致。因此,进一步研究其理论及工程应用问题既是客观要求又是现实需要。为了更深入地探讨有关问题,笔者采用有限元法,引入粘弹性人工边界,同时把地震波转化为等效荷载输入到模型中,认为比较符合实际。最后,通过系统分析,得出了一些有益的结论,有一定的工程价值,同时也为进一步研究提供了科学依据。     

Dangerous good transportation by road: from risk analysis to emergency planning

Despite the relative recent move towards inherent safe materials, the relentless drive of consumerism requires increased quantities of dangerous goods to be manufactured, transported, stored and used year on year. The safety and effectiveness of road transport systems is to be considered a strategic goal in particular in those countries, like Italy, in which 80% of goods are transported by this means. In this paper, we face the risk from dangerous good transport by presenting a site-oriented framework for risk assessment and developing a theoretical approach for emergency planning and optimisation. In the first step, we collected field data on a pilot highway and developed a database useful to allow a realistic evaluation of the accident frequency on a given route, by means of multivariate statistical analysis. To this end, we considered both inherent factors (such as tunnels, bend radii, height gradient, slope etc), meteorological factors, and traffic factors (traffic frequency of tank truck, dangerous good truck etc.) suitable to modify the standard national accident frequency. By applying the results to a pilot area, referring to flammable and explosive scenarios, we performed a risk assessment sensitive to route features and population exposed. The results show that the risk associated to the transport of hazardous materials, in some highway stretches, can be at the boundary of the acceptability level of risk set down by the well known F/N curves established in the Netherlands. On this basis, in the subsequent step, we developed a theoretical approach, based on the graph theory, to plan optimal emergency actions. The effectiveness of an emergency planning can normally be evaluated in term of system quickness and reliability. As a case study, we applied the developed approach to identify optimal consistency and localisation in the pilot area of ‘prompt action vehicles’, properly equipped, quick to move and ready for every eventuality. Applying this method results in an unambiguous and consistent selection criterion that allows reduction of intervention time, in connection with technical and economic optimisation of emergency equipment.     

Bioabsorbable soy protein plastic composites: Effect of polyphosphate fillers on water absorption and mechanical properties

The use of synthetic and natural bioabsorbable plastics has been severely limited due to their low stiffness and strength properties as well as their strong tendency to absorb moisture. This research focused on the development of bioabsorbable polyphosphate filler/soy protein plastic composites with enhanced stiffness, strength, and water resistance. Bioabsorbable polyphosphate fillers, biodegradable soy protein isolate, plasticizer, and adhesion promoter were homogenized and compression-molded. Physical, mechanical, and water absorption testing was performed on the molded specimens. Results showed improvements in stiffness, strength, and water resistance with increasing polyphosphate filler content up to 20% by weight. Application of a coupling agent produced further mechanical property enhancements and a dramatic improvement in water resistance, interpreted by an interfacial chemical bonding model. Examination of the fracture surfaces of the materials revealed that the addition of the polyphosphate fillers changed the failure mode from brittle to pseudo-ductile. These results suggest that these materials are suitable for many load-bearing applications in both humid and dry environments where current soy protein plastics are not usable.     

Grab versus composite sampling: A primer for the manager and engineer

Effluent subsamples are usually aggregated into flow or time proportional samples before analysis. Although this provides information on average process conditions, that on process variability is lost by compositing. Fisher's information is defined and used to estimate the loss due to compositing. The results of simulations based on parameters derived from actual waste streams support the fact that random grabs serve as well as composite samples for monitoring purposes. These findings favor changes in regulatory practice to allow compliance to be demonstrated by grab sample averages. Reporting requirements based on moving averages are shown to be inferior to those based on averages taken over nonoverlapping time periods.     

Enzymatic Degradation of Cellulose-Based Materials

The biodegradability of cellulose-based materials was compared in the standard Sturm test and by enzymatic hydrolysis. Trichoderma reesei culture filtrate, the purified enzymes endoglucanase I and II from T. reesei, and -glucosidase from Aspergillus niger were used in the experiments. The unpurified Trichoderma reesei culture filtrate was found to contain a mixture of enzymes suitable for cellulose degradation. However, when purified enzymes were used the right balance of the individual enzymes was necessary. The addition of -glucosidase enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose materials when both culture filtrate and purified enzymes were used. In the Sturm test the biodegradability of most of the cellulose materials exceeded 70% carbon dioxide generation, but, in contrast, the biodegradability of the highly substituted aminated cellulose and cellulose acetate was below 10%. The results concerning enzymatic hydrolysis and biodegradability were in good agreement for kraft paper, sausage casing, aminated cellulose, and cellulose acetate. However, diverging results were obtained with cotton fabric, probably as a result of its high crystallinity.