Application of recycled paper sludge and biomass materials in manufacture of green composite pallet

Rice straw, rice husk and paper sludge are by-products and industrial waste, and are beneficial resources as raw biomass materials used for manufacturing value-added composite products. We investigated the effect on selected mechanical properties of adding rice straw, rice husk and paper sludge to wood composites to replace wood particles for manufacturing green pallets. Results showed that increasing the contents of rice straw and rice husk dramatically decreased the mechanical strength of the composites. This is because the wax and silicate coating of these materials obstructed the strong bonding with UF resin. When 10 wt.% of wood particle was replaced with 10 wt.% of paper sludge, the wood–paper sludge composites showed similar mechanical properties to those of wood particle. Wood particle can be replaced by 10 wt.% of dried paper sludge in accordance with the minimum requirement recommended by standards in green pallet manufacturing.     

危险品运输网络中运输方式和路径优化研究

在危险品运输网络中,往往有多种运输方式和多条运输路径。不同运输方式在不同路径上发生事故所造成的损失不同,不同运输方式的单位运输成本也不同。本文研究了在给定运输起点和终点的情况下,在综合考虑事故所造成的损失最小和运输成本最小的情况下,运输方式和运输路径的选择方法。通过一个仿真例子说明了模型的求解方法和实际效果,并与单一运输方式的方案进行了对比。结果表明考虑运输方式的组合,在一定程度上可以降低危险品运输过程中的社会总期望损失和运输成本。     

碱激发胶凝材料及其固化Pb2+的试验研究

对碱激胶凝材料（碱-偏高岭土、碱-矿渣和碱-粉煤灰）与水-水泥体系固化Pb²⁺进行了试验研究,其中水-水泥体系为对比样。结果表明：对于相同稠度的碱激发胶凝材料,即使Pb²⁺含量达到2.4%,除了碱-粉煤灰的抗压强度略低外,其他都达到30 MPa以上,满足填埋或做建筑基材的使用要求;与水泥相比,碱激发胶凝材料能显著降低重金属离子（Pb²⁺）浸出浓度,其规律性与其NH⁺₄交换容量大小的规律性一致,与其固化体的抗压强度的大小没有相关性。     

大规模突发事件应急物资调度的过程模型

指出现有关于应急物资调度文献的不足,给出大规模突发事件的定义;结合我国近年来几起大规模突发事件总结出该事件的特征;分析大规模突发事件应急物资调度的特征,从应急物资的调度准备、调度实施、调度评估3个阶段进行设计并解释了大规模突发事件应急物资调度的全过程模型。该模型为大规模突发事件应急物资调度决策提供理论依据和方法指导,对当今的公共安全和社会稳定具有重要价值和现实意义。     

Determination of levoglucosan and its isomers in size fractions of aerosol standard reference materials

The present study tested the extraction efficiency and quantification reproducibility of anhydrosugars in a series of NIST SRMs using two extraction protocols and isotopically-labeled (d₇-levoglucosan) vs. chemically analogous (sedoheptulosan) surrogates. In both instances, levoglucosan concentrations in the different versions of the Washington, D.C. urban dust standard (SRM 1649, 1649a, 1649b, and RM 8785) were similar. The present test also showed that levoglucosan concentrations were not affected by long-term shelf storage of dry material. Variability of analyses were similar for both surrogates and averaged <5%. Surrogate recoveries were shown to average 103 ± 7% and 97 ± 7% for d₇-levoglucosan and sedoheptulosan, respectively. The choice of solvent was shown to affect recoveries the most (but not variability). Levoglucosan concentrations were either seriously underestimated or overestimated with ethyl acetate extraction when d₇-levoglucosan or sedoheptulosan was used as surrogate, respectively. These results point to the need to use some fraction of polar solvent (i.e. methanol) in the solvent mixture. Anhydrosugar concentrations in the urban dust from the Czech Republic (candidate SRMs 2786 and 2787) were characterized by 3- to 7-fold higher anhydrosugar concentrations than those observed in the Washington, D.C. urban dust. The internal anhydrosugar signatures (i.e. levoglucosan/mannosan ratio: L/M) confirm the predominance of biomass combustion sources in both SRM series with mixed inputs from hardwood and softwood combustion in the Washington, D.C. urban dust and a predominantly softwood source in the Prague urban dust. The uniform distribution of anhydrosugars, across the particle size distribution of both SRM series, confirms earlier studies that low temperature charred materials contribute significant inputs to atmospheric ultrafine particles with long atmospheric residence time and transport ranges.     

TiO_2/NiFe_2O_4磁性纳米光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能研究

先用水热法制备了纳米级NiFe2O4磁核,然后采用均匀沉淀法在NiFe2O4磁核表面包覆TiO2,制备了一种新型磁性纳米光催化剂TiO2/NiFe2O4。通过实验确定了制备TiO2/NiFe2O4的最佳Ti/Ni(摩尔比)为30/1,用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外—可见(UV—Vis)漫反射、热重—差示扫描量热分析(TG—DSC)、磁力学测试等手段对其进行了表征。以甲基橙的水溶液为模拟污染物,评价了TiO2/NiFe2O4的光催化性能,在光照2h后,甲基橙的脱色率可达98.5%。研究结果表明,TiO2/NiFe2O4是一种可重复使用的高效光催化剂。     

Analysis of hazardous material releases due to natural hazards in the United States

Natural hazards were the cause of approximately 16,600 hazardous material (hazmat) releases reported to the National Response Center (NRC) between 1990 and 2008-three per cent of all reported hazmat releases. Rain-induced releases were most numerous (26 per cent of the total), followed by those associated with hurricanes (20 per cent), many of which resulted from major episodes in 2005 and 2008. Winds, storms or other weather-related phenomena were responsible for another 25 per cent of hazmat releases. Large releases were most frequently due to major natural disasters. For instance, hurricane-induced releases of petroleum from storage tanks account for a large fraction of the total volume of petroleum released during 'natechs' (understood here as a natural hazard and the hazardous materials release that results). Among the most commonly released chemicals were nitrogen oxides, benzene, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Three deaths, 52 injuries, and the evacuation of at least 5,000 persons were recorded as a consequence of natech events. Overall, results suggest that the number of natechs increased over the study period (1990-2008) with potential for serious human and environmental impacts.     

政府应急物资保障能力评价研究

做好政府应急资源保障能力评估对于提高应急物资储备质量、保障突发事件应急处置过程中的物资供给具有重要意义。在分析应急物资需求的基础上,提出了多元性的政府应急物资保障能力评估目标;指出需要评估的应急物资主要是政府部门以实物和合同方式储备的应急物资;界定了应急物资的保障时间;以应急物资的储备特征为基础,建立了应急物资保障能力的评价指标体系;提出了基于集对分析法的应急物资保障能力评价模型,并举例说明该模型的可行性;最后为进一步研究提出了一些建议。     

近52年太阳活动与江淮梅雨异常关系分析

我国涝灾主要集中在江淮地区,其中6-7月的旱涝,大部分是由梅雨异常引起的。为了研究梅雨的影响因子,利用1954-2005年太阳黑子、江淮地区33站梅雨期降水资料,分析了太阳活动对江淮地区梅雨的影响。研究表明,梅雨量趋势系数的最大值中心位于杭州地区,而太阳活动与杭州地区的梅雨基本上没有关系。太阳活动对江淮地区梅雨量、梅雨强度的影响具有地域性。太阳活动与梅雨量的相关关系由北向南,依次呈现为负相关性、正相关性和负相关性,太阳活动强的年份,江淮地区北部和南部梅雨量偏少,江淮中部梅雨量偏多;太阳活动与梅雨强度的相关关系由北向南,依次呈现正相关性、负相关性,太阳活动强的年份,江淮地区北部梅雨强度较强,江淮南部梅雨强度较弱。合成分析结果表明:太阳活动谷年江淮地区普遍偏涝。     

反硝化脱氮固体碳源材料研究进展

在污水处理中,固体碳源是制约生物反硝化脱氮的重要因素。天然固体碳源有着丰富的来源,但是机械强度低;人工合成固体碳源有很好的物理性质,但是造价较高;天然高分子材料经过改造后具有价格低、物性好的优点,因而成为研究的热点,且具有很好的市场前景。