The effects of different electrode materials on seed germination of Solanum nigrum L. and its Cd accumulation in soil

The effects of different electrode on Solanum nigrum L.seed germination were determined.The result showe d that germination percentage(GP) of seeds in treatment T2(titanium electrode) was 26.6% higher than in control(CK,without electric field).High potassium and calcium concentrations were beneficial for seed enzymatic activity in treatment T2,which could partly explain the increase in GP.Cd accumulation(μg/pot) in S.nigrum treated with any electric field was significantly higher(p<0.05) than...     

油田用双金属机械复合管失效原因分析与对策

目的 分析研究双金属机械复合管的失效原因,并提出改进措施。方法 对比说明双金属机械复合管几种常见的典型制造方法及其优缺点,介绍应用中典型传统焊接工艺焊接的环焊缝腐蚀剌漏或穿孔、环焊缝开裂、内衬塌陷或鼓包以及爆管等常见的失效形式,利用现场应用的失效实例、统计数据和室内检测结果,分析这些失效类型的原因,并提出针对性建议或措施。结果 双金属机械复合管几种典型的制造方法各有优缺点,但其产品的内衬与基管的结合力均较小。造成其管材失效的主要原因有高压、高温、含CO2/Cl^–腐蚀介质、封焊结构、焊接工艺、外防腐层施工、应力腐蚀或电偶腐蚀等。根据现场应用实践,提出并应用了管端堆焊结构、环焊缝用镍基合金焊材、增加内衬厚度和小管径等防止失效的建议或措施,取得很好的防护效果。结论 造成此类管材失效的因素有腐蚀、封焊结构、焊接、外防腐施工及应力腐蚀或电偶腐蚀等,可采取堆焊结构、镍基合金焊材、厚衬层和小管径等措施。     

不同原料生物质炭DOM组分成分特性

不同原料的生物质炭DOM含量和组分存在差异,选取水稻秸秆（RS）、小麦秸秆（WS）、大豆秸秆（SS）、油菜秸秆（YS）、花生壳（PH）、松木屑（PW）和竹粉（BS）7种生物质原料在450 ℃下制备的生物质炭,采用紫外-可见光光谱（UV-vis）、荧光光谱（EEM）结合平行因子分析（PARAFAC）技术对生物质炭中DOM的光谱特征和荧光组分进行表征.结果表明：木本类生物质炭的DOM含量较秸秆类生物质炭低,分子量较高.从生物质炭DOM中鉴定分离可见区类富里酸组分（C1）、较短波长类腐殖酸组分（C2）、较长波长类腐殖酸组分（C3）和类蛋白质组分（C4）等4种组分.不同原料生物质炭DOM各组分的最大荧光强度（F_max）值表现为C1 ＞ C2 ＞ C3 、C4,秸秆类炭DOM各组分的F_max值显著高于木本类.生物质炭DOM中以C1组分占主导地位,占比达48.87% ~ 79.97%.C2、C3组分在YSB、SSB-DOM中占比最高,分别达32.71%和23.25% ,仅在YSB和PHB-DOM中发现少量C4组分.木本类原料的有机和无机矿物含量远低于秸秆类,原料中纤维素含量与生物质炭DOM总量及其C3组分呈显著的正相关关系, Ca含量与生物质炭的DOM含量及其F_max值和C3组分呈显著正相关,说明不同生物质原料的组成对生物质炭DOM组成特性具有显著的影响,研究结果为全面评估不同原料生物质炭DOM的环境效应提供重要的科学理论依据.     

纳米TiO2/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂对高浓度氨氮吹脱效率的协同强化机制研究

为了强化煤化工废水中高浓度氨氮(500~7000mg/L)的吹脱去除效率,进一步减少投碱量,制备了一种纳米TiO₂/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂,并对其稳定性、促脱效率及强化机理进行了研究.结果表明,在有机组分质量分数6.0%,5nm TiO₂固含量0.4%,超声分散30min时,纳米TiO₂/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂性价比最好.在纳米TiO₂/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂投加量为7.5mL/L时,氨氮吹脱率便可以达到95.14%,且在任何pH值条件下投加纳米TiO₂/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂,氨氮吹脱率均能提高17.02%~32.46%.与直接吹脱法相比,投加纳米TiO₂/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂吹脱40min,原水pH=10时的氨氮吹脱率便已高于直接吹脱法pH=11.5时的氨氮吹脱率,极大降低了碱耗量.进一步对纳米TiO₂/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂作用机理研究发现,纳米TiO₂/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂能极大的降低气液相间表面张力,从而降低传质过程中的液膜阻力,减小气泡尺寸,增大传质接触面积,加快氨气的逸出;同时,在吹脱过程中纳米TiO₂/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂能够增强界面湍动及对流现象,加快气泡液膜表面部分更新,减少有效传质边界层厚度,从而降低氨氮传质阻力,强化了气液间传质的进行.     

阻尼隔声板在噪声控制工程上的应用

对隔声材料的隔声功能进行了分析,根据两种以上不同质的复合材料可避开各自的阻隔波谷,能更有效地提高阻隔宽频噪声的总体性能的声学原理,提出了安装有阻尼层的隔声板,可有效提高隔声板的隔声量。     

复合绝缘子伞裙硬化机理研究

作为复合绝缘子伞裙护套的主要材料,高温硫化硅橡胶的性能在很大程度上决定了整支复合绝缘子的运行性能。高温硫化硅橡胶的硬化现象会严重影响复合绝缘子伞裙的力学性能;同时硬化现象往往伴随着更严重的性能劣化,例如憎水性的下降甚至丧失等,这些现象会直接威胁电力系统安全运行。针对复合绝缘子的硬化现象研究了硬化的内在机理,并采用平衡溶胀法研究了复合绝缘子交联密度与硬度的关系。研究认为,复合绝缘子的硬化主要是由于填料与硅氧烷进一步吸附导致的,同时也有硅氧烷氧化的作用。     

Copper stabilization in beneficial use of waterworks sludge and copper-laden electroplating sludge for ceramic materials

A promising strategy for effectively incorporating metal-containing waste materials into a variety of ceramic products was devised in this study. Elemental analysis confirmed that copper was the predominant metal component in the collected electroplating sludge, and aluminum was the predominant constituent of waterworks sludge collected in Hong Kong. The use of waterworks sludge as an aluminum-rich precursor material to facilitate copper stabilization under thermal conditions provides a promising waste-to-resource strategy. When sintering the mixture of copper sludge and the 900 °C calcined waterworks sludge, the CuAl₂O₄ spinel phase was first detected at 650 °C and became the predominant product phase at temperatures higher than 850 °C. Quantification of the XRD pattern using the Rietveld refinement method revealed that the weight of the CuAl₂O₄ spinel phase reached over 50% at 850 °C. The strong signals of the CuAl₂O₄ phase continued until the temperature reached 1150 °C, and further sintering initiated the generation of the other copper-hosting phases (CuAlO₂, Cu₂O, and CuO). The copper stabilization effect was evaluated by the copper leachability of the CuAl₂O₄ and CuO via the prolonged leaching experiments at a pH value of 4.9. The leaching results showed that the CuAl₂O₄ phase was superior to the CuAlO₂ and CuO phases for immobilizing hazardous copper over longer leaching periods. The findings clearly indicate that spinel formation is the most crucial metal stabilization mechanism when sintering multiphase copper sludge with aluminum-rich waterworks sludge, and suggest a promising and reliable technique for reusing both types of sludge waste for ceramic materials.     

单压法标准湿度发生器的设计及不确定度评定

标准湿度发生器在湿度量传的过程中起到重要的作用。我们设计开发的标准湿度发生器采用单压法原理,使用某单位自主研制的压缩空气干燥器、分流法湿度发生器产生的气源,通过温度、压力、饱和器系统的合理设计,能够发生(-70℃~+20℃)露点范围的湿气气源,量值范围宽,准确度高。经过冷镜式精密露点仪的验证,结果表明装置满足我国湿度一级标准的技术指标。按照不确定度评定方法评定了装置的不确定度。     

Environmental impact assessment on the construction and operation of municipal solid waste sanitary landfills in developing countries: China case study

An inventory of material and energy consumption during the construction and operation (C&O) of a typical sanitary landfill site in China was calculated based on Chinese industrial standards for landfill management and design reports. The environmental impacts of landfill C&O were evaluated through life cycle assessment (LCA). The amounts of materials and energy used during this type of undertaking in China are comparable to those in developed countries, except that the consumption of concrete and asphalt is significantly higher in China. A comparison of the normalized impact potential between landfill C&O and the total landfilling technology implies that the contribution of C&O to overall landfill emissions is not negligible. The non-toxic impacts induced by C&O can be attributed mainly to the consumption of diesel used for daily operation, while the toxic impacts are primarily due to the use of mineral materials. To test the influences of different landfill C&O approaches on environmental impacts, six baseline alternatives were assessed through sensitivity analysis. If geomembranes and geonets were utilized to replace daily and intermediate soil covers and gravel drainage systems, respectively, the environmental burdens of C&O could be mitigated by between 2% and 27%. During the LCA of landfill C&O, the research scope or system boundary has to be declared when referring to material consumption values taken from the literature; for example, the misapplication of data could lead to an underestimation of diesel consumption by 60–80%.     

In situ preparation of visible-light-driven carbon quantum dots/NaBiO3 hybrid materials for the photoreduction of Cr(VI)

In this study, different carbon quantum dots (CQDs)/NaBiO₃ hybrid materials were synthesized as photocatalysts to effectively utilize visible light for the photocatalytic degradation of contaminants effectively. These hybrid materials exhibit an enhanced photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in the aqueous medium. Zero-dimensional nanoparticles of CQDs were embedded within the two-dimensional NaBiO₃ nanosheets by the hydrothermal process. Compared with that of the pure NaBiO₃ nanosheets, the photocatalytic performance of the hybrid catalysts was significantly high and 6 wt.% CQDs/NaBiO₃ catalyst exhibited better photocatalytic performance. We performed the first-principles density functional theory calculations to study the interfacial properties of pure NaBiO₃ nanosheets and hybrid photocatalysts, and confirmed the CQDs played an important role in the CQDs/NaBiO₃ composites. The experimental results indicated that the enhanced reduction of Cr(VI) was probably due to the high loading of CQDs (electron acceptor) on NaBiO_3, which made NaBiO₃ nanomaterials to respond in visible light and significantly improved their electron-hole separation efficiency.