Pyrolysis characteristics of the mixture of printed circuit board scraps and coal powder

Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the pyrolysis characteristics of printed circuit board scraps (PCBs), coal powder and their mixtures under nitrogen atmosphere. The experimental results show that there is a large difference between waste PCBs and coal powder in pyrolysis processing. The pyrolysis properties of the mixing samples are the result of interaction of the PCBs and coal powder, which is influenced by the content of mixture. The degree of pyrolysis and pyrolysis properties of the mixture are much better than that of the single component. The TG and the differential thermogravimetric (DTG) curves of the PCBs mixed with coal powder move towards the high-temperature zone with increasing amount of coal powder and subsequently the DTG peak also becomes wider. The Coats–Redfern integral method was used to determine the kinetic parameters of pyrolysis reaction mechanism with the different proportion of mixture. The gas of pyrolysis mainly composes of CO₂, CO, H₂O and some hydrocarbon. The bromide characteristic absorption peak has been detected obviously in the pyrolysis gas of PCBs. On the contrary, the absorption peak of the bromide is not obvious in pyrolysis gas of the PCBs samples adding 40% coal powder.     

Recovery of yttrium from fluorescent powder of cathode ray tube,CRT: Zn removal by sulphide precipitation

This work is focused on the recovery of yttrium and zinc from fluorescent powder of cathode ray tube (CRT). Metals are extracted by sulphuric acid in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Leaching tests are carried out according to a 2² full factorial plan and the highest extraction yields for yttrium and zinc equal to 100% are observed under the following conditions: 3 M of sulphuric acid, 10% v/v of H₂O₂ concentrated solution at 30% v/v, 10% w/w pulp density, 70 °C and 3 h of reaction.Two series of precipitation tests for zinc are carried out: a 2² full factorial design and a completely randomized factorial design. In these series the factors investigated are pH of solution during the precipitation and the amount of sodium sulphide added to precipitate zinc sulphide. The data of these tests are used to describe two empirical mathematical models for zinc and yttrium precipitation yields by regression analysis. The highest precipitation yields for zinc are obtained under the following conditions: pH equal to 2–2.5% and 10–12% v/v of Na₂S concentrated solution at 10% w/v. In these conditions the coprecipitation of yttrium is of 15–20%.Finally further yttrium precipitation experiments by oxalic acid on the residual solutions, after removing of zinc, show that yttrium could be recovered and calcined to obtain the final product as yttrium oxide. The achieved results allow to propose a CRT recycling process based on leaching of fluorescent powder from cathode ray tube and recovery of yttrium oxide after removing of zinc by precipitation. The final recovery of yttrium is 75–80%.     

贵州省旱地土壤Hg污染状况与玉米安全生产评估

贵州省是我国Hg产量和储量最大的省份,玉米是其第二大粮食作物,有必要摸清贵州省土壤Hg含量状况,并评估其玉米生产安全性.在玉米主产区采集了990组土壤-玉米样品和270个土壤单一样品,测定土壤pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)和有机质(SOM)含量,以及土壤和玉米中Hg含量.结果表明,贵州省旱地土壤pH在3.93～9.82之间,ω(SOM)几何均值为27.5 g·kg^-1,CEC几何均值为11.7 cmol·kg^-1;土壤ω(Hg)范围为0.005～686 mg·kg^-1,几何均值为0.632mg·kg^-1,样点超标率为7.22%;其中,铜仁市土壤Hg污染最突出,超标率达21.3%;就县级而言,黔东南苗族侗族自治州丹寨县、铜仁市万山区和碧江区土壤Hg点位超标率较高;基于《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2017),玉米籽粒Hg含量超标率为1.11%,超标点位主要分布于铜仁市万山区和安顺市西秀区等工矿业活动区周围.由结果可知,贵州省存在土壤Hg污染严重的情况,整体上玉米可实现安全种植,但...     

交流干扰下碱性环境中富锌环氧涂层失效机制研究

目的 揭示碱性环境下交流干扰对富锌环氧涂层失效机制的影响.方法 以富锌环氧涂层为研究对象,以X80钢为基体,手工涂敷形成带涂层的X80钢样品,通过五点测试法确定涂层厚度为(25±5)μm,施加交流干扰电压.通过电化学测试,研究涂层样品在3％(质量分数)NaOH溶液中随浸泡时间的电化学阻抗变化特征,揭示交流电对富锌环氧涂层的作用机制.结果 在碱性环境下,锌粉更有利于活化,但是反应速率也更快,导致活化的锌粉表面能够迅速形成腐蚀产物Zn(OH)2和Zn(OH)42-,阻止锌粉之间的电连接,同时基体Fe在碱性环境中容易发生钝化,极大地减弱了涂层与金属基体的湿结合力.当交流干扰存在时,活化锌粉的反应过程非常迅速,以至于不能形成有效的电连接和阴极保护.结论 交流干扰能够抑制锌颗粒的活化过程(ZnO→Zn(OH)2/Zn(OH)42-),促进活化锌颗粒的反应过程,削弱锌的阴极保护作用.     

改性多孔生物炭的制备及其对水中四环素的吸附性能研究

以常见的农业废弃物玉米秸秆为原料,以NaHCO_3和三聚氰胺为活化剂,一步碳化活化制备得到了一种改性多孔生物炭,研究了其对模拟四环素(TC)废水的吸附行为,同时采用SEM、XRD、Raman、FTIR、BET和元素分析对材料进行表征分析.探究了热解温度、三聚氰胺添加量、吸附剂投加量、反应时间、初始浓度、环境温度和pH对改性多孔生物炭去除水溶液中TC的影响.相比于原始生物炭(C800),改性后的秸秆生物炭(MPC800-10)对TC拥有更优异的吸附能力,能在短时间内快速高效地去除TC.由表征结果可知,同时添加NaHCO_3和三聚氰胺得到的改性多孔生物炭(MPC800-10)相对于原始生物炭(C800)比表面积更大,孔结构更丰富,芳香性增强,且亲水性和极性也有所增大,表面官能团更丰富,含氧官能团增加.MPC800-10对TC的吸附更符合Pseudo-second-order动力学模型和Freundlich等温吸附模型,且最大吸附量达到347 mg·g~(-1).热力学分析表明MPC800-10对TC的吸附是一个自发、吸热的过程.在酸性和中性条件下MPC800-10对TC都有较好的吸附能力,且具有一定的抗离子干扰能力和良好的再生性能.本研究将为农田废弃物的资源化利用及废水中抗生素的污染治理奠定坚实的基础.     

竹子生物质废弃物前处理技术比较研究

为开发高效、低成本的预处理技术,促进竹子生物质及其废弃物资源的能源化利用,采用3种不同纤维素预处理方法分别对竹子生物质废弃物——笋壳和竹叶(茎)进行比较研究,同时与玉米秸秆相比较.结果表明,在稀H2SO4–酶解工艺、浓H3PO4–酶解工艺和NaOH–酶解工艺条件下,几种样品水解液中分别存在3、4和5种糖类组分.在稀H2SO4–酶解工艺中,木糖为主要成分,其次为葡萄糖;在浓H3PO4–酶解工艺中,葡萄糖为主要成分,其次为木糖;而在NaOH–酶解工艺,葡萄糖和木糖含量基本相当.同时对样品处理前后的表面结构变化分析表明,不同处理工艺均改变了竹叶(茎)、笋壳和秸秆等样品的表面结构,其结构更为松散,从而有利于纤维素的酶解.     

凝结水精处理技术的应用及发展

概述了凝结水精处理技术的国内外发展现状及主要工艺,对国内外主要系统供应商的技术特点进行了分析总结。     

聚烯烃工业粉尘静电爆炸的危险与应对策略

随着我国聚烯烃粉体生产的迅猛发展,粉体生产过程中的静电爆炸事故也相应增多。该文介绍了国外粉尘静电爆炸研究的进展和国内粉尘静电爆炸事故的主要现象。近期国外的研究特点主要是逐渐采用工业规模的实验装置取代实验室的基础研究,着重开展了料仓放电的危险研究和与放电燃爆有关的基础研究,包括安全评价和工业控制条件的推荐研究。国内粉尘静电爆炸事故主要存在的现象有设计缺欠或不合理,装置扩能改造时忽视了脱挥或通风的配套改造,处理不合格料或过渡时应急处理不当,操作失误或不规范,破坏料仓通风控制,料位计选型不当,增加高能放电引燃几率。针对分析出的问题和现象,文章提出了查清运行装置的具体事故隐患,进行防止聚烯烃料仓粉尘静电爆炸的可接受研究和可操作性研究,开展粉尘静电爆炸的危险教育,提高员工的安全意识和应急处理能力等应对策略。     

ABC干粉抑制瓦斯爆炸的实验研究

为测定ABC干粉对瓦斯爆炸的抑制作用,采用容积为20L的近球形抑爆实验系统,粒径为20.76μm,主要成分为高聚合度磷酸铵盐的ABC干粉进行瓦斯抑爆实验。实验结果表明：ABC干粉的添加能够降低瓦斯爆炸的压力;粉体浓度为0.10g/L时,抑爆效果最好;粉体的抑爆效果,不仅与粉体浓度有关,还与爆炸性混合气体中的甲烷浓度有关;点火延迟时间越长,粉体抑爆效果越差。     

复合干粉灭火剂抑制食用油火的试验研究

为改善普通碳酸氢钠干粉灭火剂(BC干粉)抑制食用油火时抗复燃性较差的不足,选择聚磷酸铵、溴化钾和一水合草酸钾作为添加剂,与普通BC干粉灭火剂混合配制成复合干粉灭火剂。通过全尺度模拟试验研究各种复合粉体对食用油火的灭火效果及其抗复燃性能。结果证明,普通BC干粉与一水合草酸钾复配而成的复合粉体针对食用油火的灭火效果和抗复燃性能在几种粉体中最佳。根据试验数据和各粉体的理化特性,对4种粉体的灭火效果差异作了详细的分析和讨论。