Mitigation of hydrogen fluoride aerosols by dry powders

Fluid bed tests were used to determine overall reaction rates for eight different dry powders of low hazard and toxicity before and after reaction with HF. In flow chamber tests, a representative oxide, hydroxide and carbonate were used to measure the efficiency of mitigation of an HF aerosol cloud. The results show that dry powders provide a valid alternative to water spray mitigation. Powder efficiencies are higher than water efficiencies at constant weight ratio.

At present, no attempt has been made to provide any technical designs or layouts for powder mitigation systems. However, the technology for smaller systems is available through manufacturers of dry powder chemical fire extinguisher equipment. When these powders are kept dry and under nitrogen atmosphere, a shelf life of several years can be expected.     

粉料无尘装车机工作原理及其在冶金厂矿的应用

介绍集装车与防尘统一于一体的无尘装车技术及具有设备本质安全化特点的无尘装车机在解决粉状物料装车作业时的扬尘问题,保护作业工人健康,维护厂区环境方面的重要优越性。     

利用粉煤灰处理含碱污水的试验研究

为了探讨火电厂除灰水中的粉煤灰（含炉渣）对炼油厂含碱污水中石油类、ＣＯＤ(ｃｒ)等污染物的吸附处理效果,根据某单位现场情况,将炼油厂含碱污水送入火电厂除灰沟→经充分混合排入储灰场→并经长时间沉降分离的流程进行模拟试验,结果表明：由于粉煤灰的吸附作用,显著降低了炼油厂含碱污水中的石油类、ＣＯＤ(ｃｒ)、挥发酚、碳化匕物等污染物。     

Influence of the oxide content on the ignition energies of aluminium powders

Some results of determination of ignition energies for an aluminium powder with various oxide contents are presented. Common use of processes like high-speed cutting produce explosive dust clouds, so that we focused this study on hazard of metallic powders. An industrial aluminium powder has been used for this work. An original process, based on the principle of electrochemical anodisation, has been developed to increase, under control, the oxide coating of particles.

The sensitivity study to spark ignition was performed in an Hartmann explosion tube of 1.3L. The Langlie test method was applied to evaluate the energies leading to a probability of ignition of 50% (E₅₀) of the selected samples. The results confirm that the ignition energies increase with the oxide content of the powder.     

玉米叶吸附剂对水溶液中Pb2+的吸附性能研究

研究了玉米叶对水溶液中Pb2+的吸附性能,借助正交和单因素试验探讨各因素对吸附率的影响,利用红外光谱研究吸附机理,并采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin模型对吸附数据进行拟合.结果表明:金属初始质量浓度和体系pH值是影响吸附的重要因素;玉米叶吸附铅离子的最佳pH值为5.0,金属质量浓度和吸附剂投加量最佳比值为80 mg/L:0.170 g,在25℃时玉米叶对铅离子的吸附较快,180min后达到吸附平衡;吸附数据更加符合Freundlich和Temkin等温吸附模型,由Langmuir等温吸附模型可知玉米叶最大吸附量为103.266mg/g,吉布斯自由能△Ge为负值,该过程吸热且自发进行.红外光谱分析表明,参与作用的官能团为羟基、羧基、酰胺或脂肪族C-x(x代表Cl、Br、I).     

秸秆添加对厨余垃圾堆肥时H_2S和NH_3排放的影响

厨余垃圾堆肥过程中NH3和H2S的排放不但降低了堆肥的养分含量,而且会引发严重的恶臭。以厨余垃圾为研究对象,以玉米秸秆为膨松剂,设置5%、10%、15%、20%(质量分数)4个添加比例(湿基)的堆肥处理,研究秸秆添加量对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中H2S和NH3排放的影响。结果表明:从温度来看,仅T4处理未达到无害化和腐熟的要求。氧气不足是造成H2S排放的主要原因,4个堆肥处理的H2S主要集中在前2周排放,随着秸秆添加量的增加,H2S的排放量逐渐降低。与T1处理相比,T2、T3、T4的H2S累积排放量分别降低了35.5%、44.7%、64.2%。各处理NH3的排放趋势与H2S类似,高温期为NH3释放的关键时期,NH3累积释放量占总释放量的62.2%~72.2%,与T1处理相比,T2、T3和T4的NH3累积排放量分别降低了36.9%、45.2%、76.3%。由此可见,添加适量的玉米秸秆不但能促进厨余垃圾堆肥的进行,明显降低堆肥过程中H2S和NH3的排放,而且可以实现玉米秸秆的资源化利用。     

Experimental investigation of the performance of modified expanded graphite powder doped with zinc borate in extinguishing sodium fires

Sodium is the main cooling medium in the circuit of fourth-generation nuclear reactors, and its leakage constitutes a severe fire hazard because of its high chemical activity. In this study, expandable graphite (EG), which is a traditional sodium fire-extinguishing agent, was modified with zinc borate (ZB) as an intercalator, and the modified EG_ZB was characterized. Moreover, the effectiveness of the modified EG_ZB in extinguishing sodium fires was tested using a self-developed fire-extinguishing experimental device. This study's results indicated that EG, EG_ZB had a smaller particle size, higher thermal stability, higher fire-extinguishing speed, and lower powder mass consumption than EG. During the fire-extinguishing process, ZnO decomposed by ZB captured free radicals and inhibited the combustion reaction. Furthermore, B₂O₃ was adsorbed on the surface of the EG layer, which strengthened covering and asphyxiation. The findings of this study provide crucial information for effectively controlling fires caused by active metals and metallo-organic compounds.     

牡蛎壳粉和石灰改良酸性水稻土对磷有效性、形态和酶活性的影响

我国南方粮食主产区土壤酸化治理是提升耕地地力促进粮食增产的重要内容,目的是探究酸化土壤改良剂牡蛎壳粉和石灰对水稻土酸度、磷有效性和形态以及酶活性和相关功能基因的影响.盆栽试验设计2种改良剂的3个施用量（0.05%、0.10%和0.15%）,以水稻为试验作物.结果表明：①牡蛎壳粉和石灰均显著提高土壤pH,降低土壤交换性酸,且改良效果随着改良剂用量增加而提高,相同用量下石灰对土壤酸性的改良效果高于牡蛎壳粉;② 4种有效磷提取剂提取的土壤有效磷测定结果表明,牡蛎壳粉和石灰显著提高H₂SO₄-P、Bray-1 P和Olsen-P含量,其中Olsen-P含量随改良剂用量的增加而提高.③土壤中不同形态无机磷含量表现为：Fe-P>Al-P>Ca-P,石灰和牡蛎壳粉显著提高Al-P和Fe-P含量,分别提高26.3%~37.4%和7.9%~23.7%;0.15%改良剂显著增加Ca-P含量;④石灰和牡蛎壳粉对土壤DHA、ALP、IPP活性和phoD基因拷贝数具有提高作用,而对土壤ACP活性、phoC和pqqC拷贝数表现为降低;⑤改良剂（0.10%和0.15%）显著提高水稻产量,0.15%用量的石灰和牡蛎壳粉分别提高水稻产量34.2%和46.8%,但对秸秆生物量无显著影响.相关分析表明,土壤无机磷和有效磷含量与pH和ALP活性呈显著正相关,改良剂通过消除土壤酸化和提高土壤磷酸酶活性来改善土壤磷营养状况,这对促进作物产量具有积极作用.     

玉米秸秆生物炭改善污泥脱水性能

本实验以玉米秸秆为原料,制备了生物炭和AlCl₃改性生物炭,研究了2种生物炭分别调理污泥后的脱水效果,并探讨了污泥脱水性能的改善机理.结果表明,经过2种生物炭调理后,污泥比阻（SRF）、泥饼含水率（MC）、污泥沉降体积指数（SV₃₀）、毛细抽吸时间（CST）均下降,污泥净产率（Y_N）升高,说明污泥脱水性能得到了改善,且AlCl₃改性生物炭对污泥脱水性能的改善效果明显优于生物炭.当AlCl₃（溶液浓度3mol/L）改性生物炭的用量为3g/L时,调理后的污泥SRF,MC,SV₃₀,CST分别降低至1.3×10¹²m/kg,81.9%,78.6%,35s,Y_N增加至17.8kg/（m²·h）.分析原因：一方面,经过生物炭调理后,泥饼中会形成一定的骨架结构,使得污泥中的水和EPS能够更容易地释放;另一方面,经过AlCl₃改性后,改性生物炭携带的正电荷（Al³⁺）能够与污泥颗粒所带的负电荷发生电中和作用,使得污泥颗粒更容易聚集,从而提高污泥的脱水效果.