关于总量减排监测体系考核的思考

以建设总量减排监测体系为立足点,以污染源监督性监测为切入点,对照监测体系建设所需依据的各个原则,全面、有重点地提出考核内容及具体考核指标并提出注意事项,旨在建立一套严格的、操作性强并符合实际的考核指标以推动监测体系的建设。     

多年施用生物炭对河南烤烟种植区土壤呼吸的影响

为探究生物炭施用对土壤呼吸的影响,采用5 a定位试验(2013～2017年)研究了不施生物炭(CK)、施用1. 5 t·hm-2生物炭(T1)、施用15 t·hm-2生物炭(T2)、施用45 t·hm-2生物炭(T3)这4种处理下土壤呼吸及土壤水热因子的动态变化规律.结果表明:(1)在土壤中连续5a施入中剂量生物炭(T2:15 t·hm-2)显著降低了烤烟生长季土壤呼吸速率,降幅为25. 89%;当施入量增至45 t·hm-2(T3)时土壤呼吸速率显著增加,增幅为21. 48%(P 0. 05).(2)长期中剂量生物炭的添加显著降低了土壤异养呼吸速率和自养呼吸速率,降幅分别为29. 80%和28. 75%;大剂量生物炭(T3:45 t·hm-2)的施入显著增加了土壤异养呼吸速率,增幅为28. 88%.低剂量生物炭(T1:1. 5 t·hm-2)和中剂量生物炭均显著增加土壤呼吸中自养呼吸的比例,大剂量生物炭的施入显著增加了异养呼吸的比例(P 0. 05).(3)低剂量生物炭显著降低了烤烟生长季土壤5 cm温度;大剂量生物炭显著降低了土壤5 cm湿度.土壤呼吸与土壤5 cm温度之间呈显著指数相关,与土壤5 cm湿度之间未表现出显著相关(P 0. 05).综上,连续5a低剂量生物炭的施用对土壤呼吸无影响,适量生物炭的施用具有固碳减排效应,大剂量生物炭施用则会适得其反,建议生物炭施用范围应控制在15 t·hm-2以内.     

紫外/亚硫酸钠还原降解三氯乙酰胺的效能

卤乙酰胺(HAc Ams)是一类具有高细胞毒性和高遗传毒性的饮用水含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs),并在饮用水中被广泛检出,其中三氯乙酰胺(TCAc Am)的毒性显著高于传统DBPs.本实验以配置的TCAc Am溶液作为目标污染物,采用紫外(UV)活化亚硫酸钠(Na_2SO_3)体系降解水中的TCAc Am,并探究在该体系下光强、还原剂投加剂量(Na_2SO_3)和p H对还原降解TCAc Am效果的影响.结果表明,采用UV/Na_2SO_3体系可快速降解TCAc Am,其降解效果与光强、Na_2SO_3投加剂量和p H均呈正相关,且p H值对反应速率与降解率有显著影响,当p H值从6提高至9,TCAc Am的降解率在反应120 min时从12. 8%提高至99. 6%.在光强为450μW·cm~(-2),p H为9,Na_2SO_3投加剂量为1. 00 mmol·L~(-1),连续30 min光照条件下,TCAc Am降解率达到99. 4%.实验证明UV/Na_2SO_3体系是一种有效消减TCAc Am的高级还原技术,并且具备还原降解其他卤代DBPs的潜力,可用于饮用水中卤代DBPs的降解.     

LNG accident dynamic simulation: Application for hazardous consequence reduction

The evaluation of exclusion (hazard) zones around the LNG stations is essential for risk assessment in LNG industry. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have been conducted for the two potential hazards, LNG flammable vapor dispersion and LNG pool fire radiation, respectively, to evaluate the exclusion zones. The spatial and temporal distribution of hazard in complex spill scenario has been taken into account in the CFD model. Experimental data from Falcon and Montoir field tests have been used to validate the simulation results. With the valid CFD model, the mitigation of the vapor dispersion with spray water curtains and the pool fire with high expansion foam were investigated. The spray water curtains were studied as a shield to prevent LNG vapor dispersing, and two types of water spray curtain, flat and cone, were analyzed to show their performance for reduction and minimization of the hazard influencing distance and area. The high expansion foam firefighting process was studied with dynamic simulation of the foam action, and the characteristics of the foam action on the reduction of LNG vaporization rate, vapor cloud and flame size as well as the thermal radiation hazard were analyzed and discussed.     

基于多需求点的震灾应急物资调度模型研究

为了解决震后应急物资调度中,因不考虑各应急需求点灾情差异和需求差异带来的决策结果不够合理的问题,采用改进的专家打分法将收集到的灾情信息量化为灾情因子,在此基础上建立应急成本和应急延误时间的多目标模型。采用逐步法求解,为每一个应急需求点确定提供应急物资的供应点及供应量。将此方法运用到云南发生的某地震灾后救援中,计算得出与3个应急需求点对应的应急供应点及其供应量。     

Noise Control Strategies for Occupational Safety and Better Working Environments

Hearing impairment in humans due to occupational noise exposure is one of the significant occupational diseases in many countries. The equipment to measure noise levels and daily noise exposure in existing noisy environments is readily available and can be used to assess the risk of hearing damage. This article examines the currently legislated hearing damage risk criterion and compares the two main noise level-time trade-off schemes being used. The engineering methods for controlling excessive noise levels and techniques to either bring them below the hearing damage risk threshold or to within an acceptable range for the workplace requirement are discussed, together with the expected improvements by such measures.     

Cardiovascular Load During Summer Work of Two Age Groups of Van-Rickshaw Pullers in West Bengal,India

Van-rickshaw is a popular mode of transport of people and merchandise in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of age on cardiovascular load of van-rickshaw pullers in the summer season (March-June) in real situations. In 142 participants, divided into 2 age groups (25-40 and 41-55 years), cardiovascular load was assessed on the basis of working and partial recovery heart rate (HR), predicted maximal HR, working maximal HR, average working HR, percentage of reserved HR, sum of recovery heart beats, percentage of recovery, relative and net cardiac cost, etc. Except for percentage of recovery, all parameters differed significantly between the groups and were significantly correlated with age. As this activity is very stressful, it places a heavy demand on the cardiovascular system. Therefore, age is an important factor for sustainability of the work, especially in a hot environment. Some ergonomic interventions are necessary to reduce cardiovascular load.     

Cost and Benefits of Implementing an Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSH MS) in Enterprises in Poland

Abstract

This article presents a method of assessing the economic outcome of implementing an occupational safety and health management system (OSH MS). Developed at the Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute (Poland), this method focuses on identifying the economic expenses comprising bookkeeping and alternative cost incurred to implement and improve an OSH MS. The method was next used in a study in 20 enterprises. While varying greatly among those enterprises, the alternative cost of implementing and maintaining an OSH MS was much higher than the bookkeeping cost, which was also much lower than the cost of statutory prevention measures. The implementation of an OSH MS resulted in both tangible and intangible benefits, including reduced premiums for work accident insurance.     

利用水蚯蚓进行污泥减量的研究

常规的污泥处理需要花费大量的人力和物力,且处置不当极易对环境造成二次污染.利用微型生物的捕食作用进行污泥减量,清洁无污染,是一项实现污泥源头治理的绿色技术.利用水蚯蚓原位消解污泥技术对成都市凤凰河二沟污水处理厂配水池污泥进行消解实验,通过实验监测来分析污泥减量情况以及对水质的影响.结果表明改造后的工艺污泥减量效果明显,每年可消解污泥240.9t,污泥的沉降性能变好,MLVSS/MLSS降低至35.3％,且出水COD降解率一般为30％,为后续工艺减少负荷.     

江苏省畜禽养殖污染减排措施与政策研究

为提高江苏省畜禽养殖污染治理水平,达到污染减排要求,完成污染减排任务,本文从分析江苏省畜禽养殖业污染产生量、排放量和污染特征入手,对污染治理措施和法律、法规及政策支撑等进行了归纳总结,深入分析了目前治理中存在的主要问题,提出了适合江苏畜禽养殖污染治理的技术模式,以及促进污染减排目标实现的管理机制和保障条件。