秸秆干发酵沼气增产研究

研究了复合菌剂预处理秸秆和添加沼气发酵促进剂对秸秆干发酵的影响.结果表明,秸秆经菌剂预处理后的产气量比不加菌剂预处理(对照)提高29.54%;在菌剂预处理过的秸秆中加入促进剂,其产气量比对照提高35.28%,比单纯菌剂预处理提高4.43%.另外,菌剂预处理过的秸秆的TOC降解率和纤维素降解率分别比对照高136.32%和47.68%;秸秆经菌剂预处理后再添加促进剂的TOC降解率、纤维素降解率分别比对照高169.58%和49.62%,比单纯菌剂预处理高14.07%和3.36%.图2表1参8     

Seed treatment and inhibition of plantpathology by chitosan

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A field experimental study of lignin sand stabilizing material (LSSM) extracted from spent-liquor of straw pulping paper mills

A new technique was introduced for sand stabilization and re-vegetation by use of lignin sand stabilizing material(LSSM). LSSM is a reconstructed organic compound with lignin as the most dominant component from the extracts of black-liquor issued by straw pulp paper mills. Unlike the polyvinyl acetate or foamed asphalt commonly used for dune stabilization, the new material is plant-friendly and can be used with virescence actions simultaneously. The field experimental study was conducted since 2001 in China‘s Northwest Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and has been proved that LSSM is effective in stabilizing the fugitive dunes, making the arenaceous plants survive and the bare dune vegetative. The advisable solution concentration is 2% and the optimal field spraying quantity is 2.5L/m^2 The soil nutrients of the stabilized and greened dune, such as organic matter, available phosphorous and total nitrogen are all increased compared with the control treatment, which is certainly helpful to the growth of arenaceous plants. The technique is worthwhile to be popularized because it is provided not only a new method for desertification control but also an outlet for cleaning contaminants issued from the straw paper mills.     

Oxygen tolerance capacity of upflow anaerobic solid-state (UASS) with anaerobic filter (AF) system

In order to investigate the oxygen tolerance capacity of upflow anaerobic solid-state(UASS)with anaerobic filter(AF) system, the effect of microaeration on thermophilic anaerobic digestion of maize straw was investigated under batch conditions and in the UASS with AF system. Aeration intensities of 0–431 m L O2/gvswere conducted as pretreatment under batch conditions. Aeration pretreatment obviously enhanced anaerobic digestion and an aeration intensity of 431 m L O2/gvsincreased the methane yield by 82.2%. Aeration intensities of 0–355 m L O2/gvswere conducted in the process liquor circulation of the UASS with AF system. Dissolved oxygen(DO) of UASS and AF reactors kept around 1.39 ±0.27 and 0.99 ± 0.38 mg/L, respectively. p H was relatively stable around 7.11 ± 0.04. Volatile fatty acids and soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration in UASS reactor were higher than those in AF reactor. Methane yield of the whole system was almost stable at 85 ± 7 m L/gvs as aeration intensity increased step by step. The UASS with AF system showed good oxygen tolerance capacity.     

膜生物反应器在汽爆稻草秸秆酶解中应用研究

以汽爆稻草秸秆为原料,通过将几个酶解罐串联来提高最终还原糖浓度.考察了酶浓度,酶解单元组成以及稀释率对汽爆稻草秸秆酶解的影响.结果表明,最佳条件为:20FPU/g,酶解单元由4个酶解罐组成,稀释率为0.075/h.在此条件下,酶解时间为24h时,与传统批次酶解相比,汽爆稻草秸秆总转化率从18%～21%提高到39.5%.与只有1个酶解罐的膜反应器相比,每g底物还原糖产量从0.25g提高到0.4g,最终所得还原糖的平均浓度从4.56g/L提高到27.23g/L.     

Fate of the organophosphorus pesticide profenofos in cotton fiber

Pesticides carried by cotton fiber are potential risk for production workers and consumers. Dissipation behaviour of a commonly used cotton pesticide profenofos in cotton fiber during growing period and scouring treatment was investigated. The results showed that profenofos in the fiber from the pre-opened and post-opened bolls both decreased to undetectable amounts 21?days after pesticide application. However, a minority of profenofos was converted to a strongly irritant compound, 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol and retained a non-negligible amount in cotton fiber even after 28?days. Profenofos and its degradation product could be completely removed during the conventional cotton scouring process. The degradation half-time of profenofos in scouring bath was only 3.0?min, and the degradation product was also 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol. Cotton products made of profenofos-carrying fiber are safe; however, the scouring waste should be detoxicated before discharge due to the accumulation of 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol in the scouring bath. These results could be useful for evaluating the risk of cotton fiber from the profenofos applied fields.     

Respiratory Impairment in Cotton-Ginning Workers Exposed to Cotton Dust

Dust generated during the handling and processing of cotton causes ill health of ginning workers. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms among cotton-ginning workers. This study involved 188 workers of 10 cotton-ginning factories. Forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) declined significantly with increasing duration of exposure (p < .001) of the cotton-ginning workers. Results of a standard respirator medical evaluation questionnaire indicated that, depending on duration of exposure, 51%–71% of cotton-ginning workers suffered from chest tightness, 55%–62% experienced chest pain, while 33%–42% of the workers reported frequent cough. Blood tests of the workers showed higher values of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, eosinophils, and white blood cells when exposure was longer. Byssinosis symptoms were observed among the workers. We recommend regular periodical medical check-ups, compulsory use of personal protective equipment, and proper ventilation at the workplace.     

三环式开发草类资源生产蛋白质食物技术

草类资源分布广、贮量大、成分复杂；至今大部分仍处于自生自灭之中，而人类所需蛋白质营养十分紧张，赖以生存的肉乳蛋品生产所需高蛋白饲料也很缺乏．传统农业、畜牧业、水产业已不能满足这两大需要。作者在科学实验和生产实践的基础上，从工业化生产角度提出以草类为基础原料．经蕈菌－蚯蚓－禽畜３个环节生产蛋白质食物的新工艺路线，对补充上述两大需求的来源提出了一条有效的途径。     

秸秆覆盖条件下小麦生长季根系呼吸对土壤呼吸作用的贡献

在紫色土丘陵区连续6年进行秸秆覆盖试验的"旱三熟"农田系统中,于2012年12月—2013年4月小麦生长季内对土壤呼吸进行测定,并对小麦根系生物量、土壤温度、土壤水分和土壤有机碳含量等指标进行监测,以分析土壤呼吸动态变化的影响因素.结果表明,秸秆覆盖措施显著提高了土壤呼吸速率,秸秆覆盖(S)和秸秆覆盖+腐熟剂(SD)处理分别比对照(CK)增加了45.0%和29.4%.曲线估计表明,土壤呼吸作用与根系生物量呈显著线性关系,通过建立二者的线性回归方程,采用生物量外推法估算小麦根系呼吸作用占土壤呼吸作用的比例,在分蘖期(2012年12月)、拔节期(2013年1月)、抽穗期(2012年3月)和灌浆期(2013年4月),根系呼吸分别占土壤呼吸的28.2%、44.0%、56.9%、56.2%,平均贡献为46.3%,并呈先增加再降低的趋势,在抽穗期达到最大,与根系生物量的变化同步.按照不同处理建立根系生物量与土壤呼吸间的线性回归方程,经计算得出CK、S和SD 3个处理中,根系呼吸作用占土壤呼吸作用的比例分别为42.9%、43.8%和43.7%,秸秆覆盖对根系呼吸作用比例无显著影响.     

新疆棉浆粕行业清洁生产水平现状及改进研究

新疆棉浆粕生产大部分采用传统生产工艺,给环境带来极大压力。探索棉浆粕清洁生产新工艺,已成为棉浆粕企业扭转现状亟待解决的问题。与传统工艺相比,文中推荐的碱性过氧化氢法双螺杆挤压连续制浆(BIVIS)工艺作为先进清洁生产技术可优化清洁生产各项指标,有效降低棉浆粕企业生产成本,具有广阔的应用前景。