SIMULATION OF SEDIMENT AND PLANT NUTRIENT LOSSES BY THE CREAMS WATER QUALITY MODEL1

ABSTRACT: CREAMS was applied to a field-sized watershed planted to cotton in the Limestone Valley region of northern Alabama. The field was cultivated for three years with conventional tillage (CvT) followed by three years of conservation tillage (CsT). CREAMS is composed of three components: hydrology, erosion, and chemistry. Surface runoff and losses of sediment, N and P were simulated and results were compared with the observed data from the watershed. Curve numbers recommended in the CREAMS user's guide were not adequate for the watershed conditions. The hydrology submodel improved runoff simulation from CvT and CsT when field-data based curve numbers were used. The erosion submodel demonstrated that CsT reduced sediment loss more than CvT, even though CsT had higher runoff than CvT. The nutrient submodel based on the simulated runoff and sediment underpredicted N loss for both CvT and CsT. This submodel, however, accurately predicted P loss for CvT, but underpredicted for CsT (50 percent lower than the observed). The results of CREAMS simulation generally matched the observed order of magnitude for higher runoff, lower sediment, and higher N and P losses from CsT than from CvT.     

农作物秸秆青贮新技术

在我国农村农作物秸秆普遍存在，文章就秸秆青贮方法进行了系统的介绍，指出它会起到变废为宝，拓宽饲养动物的原料，减少经济投入，增加经济效益的作用。     

Injection Molded Wheat Straw and Corn Stem Filled Polypropylene Composites

Environmentally friendly composite materials can be prepared using wood fibers and/or various types of agro-derived fibers as reinforcements. In this study, agro-residues such as wheat straw and corn stem filled polypropylene were prepared and their suitability was investigated as a reinforcing filler in thermoplastics and as an alternative to the wood flour filled plastics. Effect of compounding techniques, compatibilizer and fungal treatment of agro-residues on the mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated. It was found that high shear compounding of wheat straw fibers exhibited similar properties to that produced by the milled wheat straw. This may be due to the extensive fiber breakage occurred during the high shear compounding that results in a similar aspect ratio to that of milled straw. Compatibilizer is needed for improving the strength properties of the agro-residue filled PP composites. Fungal treatment of milled wheat straw did not show much improvement in the strength properties of the composites. Comparison of mechanical properties of the agro-residue filled PP with that of the wood flour and the old newsprint filled PP showed the suitability of the agro-residues as alternative filler for thermoplastics.     

农业固体废弃物发酵产氢的研究

为了探索不同农业废弃物发酵产氢的能力,研究选取了10种农业生产中的主要固体废弃物:稻草、玉米秆、小麦秆、大麦秆、蚕豆秆、黄豆秆以及猪粪、牛粪、鸡粪、马粪作为原料,采用批量发酵工艺,进行厌氧发酵产氢的研究。结果表明,以乳酸调控发酵料液pH值在4.7～5.5之间,控制体系温度在(25±1)℃可以产生氢气。其中,各原料产氢能力顺序为:猪粪>大麦秆>玉米秆>稻草>蚕豆秆>鸡粪>牛粪>马粪>黄豆秆>小麦秆。     

麦秸强化微生物降解石油烃及场地试验

在油-盐混合污染耕地的耕作层中施加麦秸以强化水浸洗盐和促进微生物对石油烃的降解.通过实验考察了麦秸添加量对降解石油烃所用的阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)和刺孢小克银汉霉菌(Cunninghamella echinulata)的生长及其对于石油烃降解行为的影响.结果发现,在土壤中添加5%(质量分数)麦秸可使土壤中的细菌和真菌生物量提高至对照样品的25和3倍;19 d时总石油烃降解率从29.2% 提高到48.0%,其中饱和烃、芳烃的降解率分别从31.5%和39.1%提高到55.7%和55.9%.在中原油田污染耕地现场试验结果表明,石油烃降解菌添加25 d后,添加麦秸的修复土壤中的细菌和真菌生物量为对照土壤的158和9倍;45 d后试验地块中的总石油烃质量分数降至0.3%以下,石油烃降解率最高达到75%.上述结果显示出添加麦秸与真菌-细菌协同修复方法相结合在治理油-盐混合污染耕地中具有很好的应用前景.     

Influence of rice straw burning on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural county of Taiwan

Atmospheric particulate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) size distribution were measured at Jhu-Shan (a rural site) and Sin-Gang (a town site) in central Taiwan during the rice straw burning and non-burning periods. The concentrations of total PAHs accounting for a roughly 58% (34%) increment in the concentrations of total PAHs due to rice-straw burning. Combustion-related PAHs during burning periods were 1.54–2.57 times higher than those during non-burning periods. The mass median diameter (MMD) of 0.88–1.21 m in the particulate phase suggested that rice-straw burning generated the increase in coarse particle number. Chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model analyses showed that the primary pollution sources at the two sites were similar. However, ricestraw burning emission was specifically identified as a significant source of PAH during burning periods at the two sites. Open burning of rice straws was estimated to contribute approximately 6.3%–24.6% to total atmospheric PAHs at the two sites.     

江苏东海县小麦秸秆和猪粪堆肥及原位还田试验研究

利用小麦秸秆和猪粪为原料进行好氧堆肥,对堆肥参数进行了优化和研究,对堆肥过程中温室气体的释放规律进行了探索,并初步考察了堆肥成品原位还田的效果.结果表明,堆肥反应可在约45 d内完成,初始最优ρ(C)∶ρ(N)和含水率分别约25∶1和65％;高温持续时间较长,pH值、电导率、有机质和N,P,K含量均满足堆肥腐熟要求;小麦秸秆和猪粪混合堆肥比单独将猪粪进行堆肥释放的温室气体更少;将质量比为3∶7的堆肥成品和土壤混合作为基质进行原住还田培育小麦,小麦种子的出芽率和幼苗生长情况均最佳.     

外源酶对秸秆堆肥进程的影响及腐熟度模糊评价

为探讨外源酶制剂对秸秆堆肥腐熟进程的影响,通过模拟堆肥试验研究了分别添加纤维素酶、蛋白酶,以及纤维素酶与蛋白酶混合添加情况下堆肥各项指标的动态变化规律,并利用模糊综合评价法对堆肥腐熟度进行了评价.结果表明,纤维素酶与蛋白酶配合使用对堆肥中纤维素的降解及氮素释放都有较强的促进效果,与对照处理相比,纤维素含量降低了14.9%,C/N降低了18.4%,发芽指数提高了6.0%;单施外源纤维素酶主要是促进了纤维素类物质降解速率,显著提高了发芽指数;单施外源蛋白酶则显著促进了含氮物质的分解,铵态氮及硝态氮含量提高;通过对E4/E6、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、C/N、发芽指数等指标进行模糊综合评价,得出纤维素酶与蛋白酶的配合使用对于促进堆肥腐熟效果最佳,其次是纤维素酶堆肥和蛋白酶堆肥,常规堆肥腐熟程度最低.可见,纤维素酶与蛋白酶配合使用对堆肥腐熟有更好的促进效果,可以推测外源纤维素酶和蛋白酶对于促进堆肥腐熟具有协同作用.     

Improving the Synthesis Gas Quality in Catalytic Gasification of Rice Straw by an Integrated Hot-Gas Cleaning System

This research investigates an enhanced removal rate of tar and trace pollutants (e.g. hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulfide, H₂S) in the gasification of rice straw, using an integrated in situ tar reduction and hot-gas cleaning technique. The gasification temperature was set at 900°C and equilibrium ratio (ER) was 0.30 in the gasifier. In the in situ tar reduction method, the catalyst, dolomite with an amended ratio of 0–15% was introduced to the gasifier. The integrated hot-gas cleaning system applied a multi-packed tower to remove the tar, sulfur and/or chlorine byproduct in syngas at 250°C. The packed materials composed of zeolite, calcined dolomite and activated carbon. The experimental results indicated that the tar concentration of syngas was approximately 20 g/kg. However, in catalytic gasification with 5% dolomite addition, the tar concentration reduced to 17 g/kg. The tar reduction efficiency was approximately 15% by an in situ dolomite addition. When applying the integrated hot-gas cleanup system, the tar was virtually eliminated. The total tar elimination rate was almost 100% and the cleaned syngas could be applied in other energy utilization equipment. On the other hand, the H₂S and HCl concentration were 101 ppmv and 991 ppmv, respectively. After the integrated syngas cleaning system, the H₂S and HCl were decreased to 7.9 ppmv and 410 ppmv with a removal efficiency of 92.1% and 58.6%, respectively. It can be concluded that combining the in situ method with the integrated syngas cleaning system can effectively reduce the amount of byproduct and enhance the syngas quality in the gasification of rice straw.     

稻秸对Pb2+的吸附特性

为探讨稻秸对废水中Pb2+的吸附特性,通过静态试验研究了吸附时间、离子浓度、吸附剂用量、初始pH和温度对稻秸吸附Pb2+的影响,并分析了其吸附动力学、等温吸附平衡及热力学特征.结果表明:稻秸吸附Pb2+的过程进行得很快,60 min时去除率达到85.64%,其吸附动力学过程以准二级动力学方程拟合效果最好;吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型,其中以Freundlich模型为最优,与吸附强度有关的常数在2～10之间,吸附容易发生,而使用Langmuir模型拟合最大吸附量的理论值可达13.67 mg/g;随着稻秸投加量的增加,Pb2+的去除率逐渐增加,单位吸附量逐渐减小;溶液初始pH对稻秸吸附Pb2+的影响较大,pH在4～6时去除率可达92%以上;稻秸对Pb2+的吸附受温度影响较小,吸附过程具有自发性、放热性和熵增特性.