3种组合工艺处理农村生活污水

进行了厌氧折流板反应器-垂直潜流人工湿地(ABR-VSFCW)、复合厌氧反应器-水平潜流人工湿地(HAR-HSFCW)、膨胀颗粒污泥床-人工快速渗滤系统(EGSB-CRI)3种组合工艺处理农村生活污水的研究。结果表明,在温度为10~29℃,进水COD为325.3~386.5 mg/L的条件下,3种组合工艺对COD均有较高的处理效果,当厌氧段HRT大于16 h时,3种组合工艺出水COD浓度均达到了我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准;EGSB-CRI、HAR-HSFCW对TP的去除效果较好,出水TP浓度均达到了我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002) 一级B标准, 且显著优于ABR-VSFCW,ABR-VSFCW出水TP浓度达到了二级标准; ABR-VSFCW、HAR-HSFCW、EGSB-CRI出水NH4+-N浓度分别为25.24~42.20、29.59~41.60和9.80~15.35 mg/L,其出水NH4+-N浓度达到了我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)二级标准;3种组合工艺对TN的去除效果无明显差异,去除率仅为23.9%~46.4%。因此,EGSB-CRI对农村生活污水的处理效果最好,HAR-HSFCW次之,ABR-VSFCW较差。     

脉冲电晕放电治疗有机废气的研究—放电反应器结构

对脉冲电晕法治理甲苯有机废气进行了实验，考察了放电反应器结构及参数对其性能的影响。结果表明，对线－筒式反应器，当直径较小时，去除率较高，但易发生火花放电，实验条件下直径２０ｍｍ的反应器效果较好。若采用陶瓷管反应器，其效果较金属管明显提高，脉冲峰值电压Ｖｐ为４２ｋＶ时，可使甲苯的去除率由４０％提高到６１％左右。对线－板式反应器，放电间隙越大，甲苯的去除率越低，使用陶瓷板反应器可使甲苯去除率明显提高，     

A modular approach to Integrated Assessment modeling

In this paper, we present a new approach to model coupling that probably forms the methodological basis of a new generation of Integrated Assessment models. This approach respects the knowledge and expertise that is embodied in existing models and encourages their gradual evolution. Modularity is the guiding principle. Our approach is distinguished by the way modules are coupled which is based on an interplay of a job control module, a numerical coupling module, and a couple of stand-alone functional modules. The numerical coupling module - the core component - serves to treat the feedbacks between the functional modules. A first implemented example that couples an economic and a climate module by means of a two-phase meta-optimization is presented here. The algorithm and mathematical structure behind are discussed as well as important features such as convergence behavior and reliability.     

倾角和循环流量对平板型光催化反应器性能的影响

考察了平板倾角和循环流量对平板反应器流动特性和性能的影响 ,并讨论了以太阳光为辐射光源时平板型反应器的最佳倾角问题 .研究表明 ,平板上液体体积 (V)和水膜厚度 (b)与倾角 (β)、循环流量 (Q)分别存在定量关系 .入射辐射条件相同时 ,在悬浮催化剂体系中 ,平板倾角越小 ,循环流量越大 ,反应器性能越高 ;在固定催化剂体系中 ,平板反应器 (长 1m,宽 0.48m)的性能最佳时的循环流量为 500L/h、倾角为 10°,相应雷诺数为 286.无论在悬浮催化剂还是固定催化剂体系中 ,周期性地辐射能提高反应速率 .     

Dairy washwater treatment using a horizontal flow biofilm system

In Ireland, dairy farmyard washwater commonly comprises farmyard run-off and dairy parlour washings. Land-spreading is the most widely used method for treating this wastewater. However, this method can be labour intensive and can cause, in some cases, the degradation of surface and ground waters, mainly due to nitrogen contamination. In this study, a horizontal flow biofilm reactor (HFBR) with step-feed was constructed and tested in the laboratory, to remove organic carbon and nitrogen from a agricultural strength synthetic washwater (SWW). The HFBR had an average top plan surface area (TPSA) of 0.1002 m(2) and consisted of a stack of 45 polystyrene horizontal sheets--15 sheets embedded with 25 mm deep frustums above 30 sheets with 10 mm deep frustums. The frustums acted as miniature reservoirs. The sheets were alternately offset to allow the wastewater to flow horizontally along each sheet and vertically from sheet to sheet down through the reactor. Biofilms developed on the sheets and treated the wastewater. During the 212-d study, the total hydraulic loading rate based on the TPSA of the sheets was 35 l m(-2) d(-1). SWW was pumped for 10 min each hour, in a step feed arrangement at a rate of 23.33 l m(-2) d(-1) on to the top sheet during Phases 1 and 2, and 11.67 l m(-2) d(-1) onto Sheet 16 during Phase 1 (days 1-92) and onto Sheet 30 during Phase 2 (days 93-212). The substrate loading rate during Phases 1 and 2 was 94.8 g total chemical oxygen demand (COD) m(-2) d(-1) and 10.5 g total nitrogen (TN) m(-2) d(-1), based on the TPSA. At steady state in Phase 2, the unit achieved excellent carbon removal of 99.7% 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD(5)) and 96.7% total COD, equivalent to TPSA removal rates of 67.5 g BOD(5)m(-2)d(-1) and 91.7 g COD m(-2) d(-1). The nitrogen removal percentages were 98.3% total ammonium-nitrogen (NH(4)-N(t)) and 72.8% TN, which equated to TPSA removal rates of 4.8 g NH(4)-N(t) m(-2) d(-1) and 7.6g TN m(-2) d(-1). No sloughing of solids or clogging of media occurred during the study. The unit was simple to construct and operate, with little maintenance.     

Relationships between anaerobic consortia and removal efficiencies in an UASB reactor degrading 2,4 dichlorophenol (DCP)

To gain more insight into the interactions between anaerobic bacteria and reactor performances (chemical oxygen demand-COD, 2,4 dichlorophenol-2,4 DCP removals, volatile fatty acid-VFA, and methane gas productions) and how they depended on operational conditions the microbial variations in the anaerobic granular sludge from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating 2,4 DCP was studied. The study was composed of two parts. In the first part, the numbers of methanogens and acedogens in the anaerobic granular sludge were counted at different COD removal efficiencies. The relationships between the numbers of methanogens, the methane gas production and VFA production were investigated. The COD removal efficiencies increased to 74% from 30% while the number of total acedogens decreased to 10 from 30 cfu ml(-1). The number of total methanogens and acedogens varied between 11 x 10(3) and 10 x 10(9)MPN g(-1) and 10 and 30 cfu ml(-1) as the 2,4 DCP removal efficiencies were obtained between 60% and 99%, respectively. It was seen that, as the number of total acedogens decreased, the COD removal efficiencies increased. However, the number of total methanogens increased as the COD removal efficiencies increased. Correlations between the bacterial number and with the removal efficiencies obtained in different operational conditions were investigated. From the results presented in this paper a high correlation between the number of bacteria, COD removals, methane gas percentage, 2,4 DCP removals and VFA was observed. In the second part, methanogen bacteria in the anaerobic granular sludge were identified. Microbial observations and biochemical tests were applied to identify the anaerobic microorganisms from the anaerobic granular sludge. In the reactor treating 2,4 DCP, Methanobacterium bryantii, Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanococcus voltae, Methanosarcina mazei, Methanosarcina acetivorans, Methanogenium bourgense and Methanospirillum hungatei were identified.     

Removal of tetrabromobisphenol A by conventional activated sludge, submerged membrane and membrane aerated biofilm reactors

The goal of this study was to compare removal efficiencies of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) using typical wastewater treatment technologies, and to identify the most significant mechanisms of removal. Two types of municipal wastewater reactors were studied: a full-scale conventional activated sludge (CAS) reactor with tertiary treatment; and three pilot-scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs) having different sludge retention times (SRTs). All four reactors were fed the same influent. A third reactor type, a membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) was fed tap water, ammonia, and TBBPA. TBBPA in municipal influent ranged from 1 to 41 ng L⁻¹ (n = 10). The CAS effluent had an average TBBPA concentration of 0.7 ± 1.3 ng L⁻¹ (n = 3). Effluent concentrations from the MBRs were an average of 6 ± 6 ng L⁻¹ TBBPA (n = 26). Significant TBBPA removal was observed in the MABR throughout the 5 week of study (p ? 0.05). Removal of TBBPA from wastewater treatment was found to be due to a combination of adsorption and biological degradation. Based on experimental results, nitrification is likely a key process therein. No significant relationship between removal of TBBPA and SRT was identified (p ? 0.05).     

厌氧-好氧工艺处理制药废水的中试研究

将由厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)、移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)和膜生物反应器(MBR)组合而成的厌氧-好氧工艺用于处理制药废水的中试研究.试验结果表明,当原水SS平均值为1000 mg/L,COD为10 000 mg/L,NH3-N为500 mg/L时,出水浊度、COD和NH3-N分别为3 NTU、500 mg/L以及10 mg/L以下,去除率分别为98%、95%和98%以上.     

等离子体协同光催化去除模拟烟气中SO2的实验研究

近年来,低温等离子体技术以及纳米TiO₂光催化技术在烟气脱硫中的应用越来越引起人们的关注。利用填充床反应器将这2种技术有机地结合起来，进行了大量脱硫实验研究。研究结果表明，等离子体协同光催化去除烟气中的SO₂与单独采用等离子体技术相比，其SO₂的去除率可提高5%～20%。同时，探讨了等离子体协同TiO₂光催化剂的脱硫机理，分别研究了外加电压、气体流量和SO₂初始浓度等因素对脱硫效率的影响。实验结果表明，当SO₂初始浓度为800 mg/m³，输入电压为17.5 kV，气体流量为0.2 m³/h时，SO₂脱除率可以达到77.6%。     

厌氧滤池处理纺织印染废水的中试研究

对厌氧滤池反应器处理难降解印染废水进行中试研究。结果表明,厌氧滤池反应器水力停留时间(HRT)在8.1～14.6 h之间,进水COD浓度波动较大(500～1 000 mg/L)时,对COD平均去除率为20%。印染废水的BOD5/COD由0.23提高到0.35,废水可生化性明显改善。印染废水中硫酸根浓度略有下降,去除浓度为70 mg/L左右。厌氧滤池进出水颜色明显变化,由紫红色变为蓝黑色,紫外可见光谱分析表明废水中的有机物结构发生变化。