新型材料甲壳素及其衍生物的应用进展

甲壳素是地球上仅次于纤维素的最丰富的天然聚合物,我国虾,蟹及其他甲壳质资源丰富;甲壳素有广阔的应用前景,如果说20世纪80年代是塑料时代,生活中到处可以见到塑料制品,那么,可以预言,进入21世纪,就将开始甲壳素时代,生活中到处可以见到甲壳素制品。 近10多年来,甲壳素的研究非常活跃,甲壳素和壳聚糖应用的竞争已经开始。为了变废为宝,加速甲壳素和壳聚糖的应用开发研究,本文较全面的介绍了甲壳素和壳聚糖的应用。     

Heavy Metals in the Eggs and Muscle of Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus Polyphemus) from Delaware Bay

Lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium and manganese concentrations were measured in the eggs of horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) from 1993, 1994 and 1995; and from chelicera muscle in 1995 from Delaware Bay. Metal concentrations in the eggs represent levels derived from females. In eggs, mercury levels were below 100 ppb or were non-dectable; cadmium levels were generally low in 1993 and 1995 but were relatively higher in 1994; lead levels in eggs decreased from 558 ppb in 1993 to 87 ppm in 1995; selenium increased from 1993 to 1995; chromium decreased from 1993 to 1995; and manganese generally decreased. Leg muscles had significantly lower levels of all metals than eggs, except for mercury.     

Alterations in Carbohydrate Metabolism in Selected Tissues of Crab,Oziotelphusa Senex Senex (Fabricius) Under Fenvalerate-Induced Stress

Changes in carbohydrate metabolism in hepatopancreas and muscle of the crab, Oziotelphusa senex senex exposed to a sublethal concentration (0.2 ppm) of fenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide, were studied. the glycogen and total carbohydrate levels decreased significantly in the tissues of crab exposed to fenvalerate. an increase in phosphorylase ‘a’ and decrease in aldolase activity levels suggested increased glycogenolysis, and decreased glycolysis during fenvalerate toxicity. Krebs cycle enzymes such as NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase were decreased, suggesting reduced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased significantly, indicating enhanced oxidation of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was elevated indicating the development of anaerobic conditions at tissue level in the stressed crab. Cytochrome C oxidase and Mg2+ ATPase activity levels were also decreased, indicating the impaired energy synthesis and prevalence of energy crisis. These results suggest that fenvalerate has a profound effect on the glucose metabolism of crab.     

锰铝双氧化物改性生物炭减缓土壤重金属对黑麦草的毒性作用

电子垃圾拆解过程中引起的土壤重金属铜(Cu)和镉(Cd)复合污染现象成为一个严峻的问题,为了解决这一问题,利用废弃的螃蟹壳生物质与锰铝盐进行共沉淀后共热解制备了螃蟹壳生物炭(BC)和片状锰铝双氧化物改性的螃蟹壳生物炭(LDO/BC)材料.污染土壤经过BC和LDO/BC修复后,土壤pH、有效磷、速效钾和酶活性得到了提升,土壤中的DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Cd含量显著降低.微生物群落分析表明BC-1%能促进Gemmatimonadota(芽单胞菌)和Acidobacteriota(酸杆菌)相对丰度的上升,而LDO/BC-1%能促进Proteobacteria(变形菌)相对丰度的上升,且变形菌有利于减少Cd在植物中的积累作用.在修复后的土壤中种植黑麦草培养28 d,结果表明,经过投加量为5%BC和1%LDO/BC分别修复后土壤种植的黑麦草发芽率分别提高29%和60%,生长状况更佳,并且黑麦草植株内Cu和Cd的含量相对于未经生物炭材料处理的空白组显著降低.LDO/BC-1%处理组相对于其他处理组表现出更优异的修复效果,且负载在LDO/BC上的Mn可以有效地降低黑麦草吸收土壤中的重金属Cd.     

THE EFFECT OF BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY ON MONITORING STRATEGIES: METALLOTHIONEINS AS AN EXAMPLE1

ABSTRACT: An increasing need exists to determine the relative health of estuarine and coastal systems with respect to their ability to support populations of fishery organisms. Many monitoring programs developed for this purpose utilize physiological and biochemical techniques to determine if marine organisms axe stressed by contaminant exposure. The use of the low molecular weight, metal-binding protein, metailothionein, is used as a model technique to detect non-lethal stress in aquatic organisms. Test organisms were the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, and the beaked whale, Mesoplodon europaeus. The data presented illustrates how natural environmental and physiological factors can affect the mobilization and partitioning of metals by organisms and contribute to observed variability in data sets. The processes that affected trace metal partitioning and accumulation were: in oysters, the reproductive cycle/season of the year; in blue arabs, growth and the molt cycle; and in the whale, the type of food and habitat. To effectively monitor populations of fishery organisms, therefore, it is necessary to identify those factors that control survival, growth, and reproduction so that better predictive models can be formulated that will not be confounded by uncontrolled variables.     

池塘河蟹生态养殖对水体环境的影响

为了评判河蟹生态养殖对周围水环境的影响,2004年4-11月对河蟹生态养殖池塘的水环境进行了现状调查与监测.水源区的水质主要超标项目为总氮、总磷、氨氮和高锰酸盐指数,表明水源区水质主要是富营养化和轻微的有机污染.在池塘生态养殖区中,水质主要超标项目为pH值和总磷.生态养殖区水质虽有超标,但超标幅度明显低于水源区.调查同时发现,河蟹生态养殖区因栽有大量的水草,对氮磷的吸收比较充分,故生态养殖区的氮磷在养殖周期中的变化较水源区要小得多,叶绿素A的动态变化也证明了水草的生态意义.总体而言,生态养殖区的水质要明显优于水源区,基本上达到地表水环境质量标准中的3级标准和渔业水质标准的要求.河蟹生态养殖不会对外界水环境产生不良影响.     

洪湖流域半封闭池塘河蟹养殖氮磷污染负荷研究

选取洪湖流域半封闭池塘河蟹养殖区域为调查样本,针对一个养殖周期内6个监测点位(1个背景点,3个养殖水体点,2个纳污水体点)TN、TP值进行监测分析。监测结果表明,养殖准备期(12月～1月),养殖水体TN、TP值与同期背景值没有明显差异;养殖中后期(3月～10月),养殖水体和纳污水体TN、TP均明显高于同期背景值,大部分为劣Ⅴ类水质。按5～10月份养殖水体TN、TP实测值进行化学分析法估算,一个养殖周期内养殖水体TN、TP污染负荷为27.61kg/hm2、7.33kg/hm2,则洪湖流域半封闭池塘河蟹养殖排放的TN、TP污染负荷约为269.11t/a、71.46t/a。另据对样本区域养殖生产过程的调查,按物料平衡法估算的TN、TP污染负荷为57.61kg/hm2、11.60kg/hm2,而洪湖流域半封闭池塘河蟹养殖TN、TP污染负荷约为561.51t/a、113.06t/a。     

鲎的保护与族群恢复之研究

从1997年开始在金门进行鲎的保护与族群恢复之研究，内容包括人工培育稚鲎、成鲎引入野外产卵复育试验、人工栖息地复育试验。同时，关于鲎的地理亲缘关系的研究，对探讨西太平洋地区生物多样性成因及三棘鲎的保护遗传问题都具有相当的价值。     

Differences in context and function of two distinct waving displays in the fiddler crab, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Uca perplexa</Emphasis> (Decapoda: Ocypodidae)

To respond appropriately to communication signals, animals must have the ability to decipher signal meaning. At a basic level, interpreting the difference between territorial and courtship signals can be vital for the survival and reproduction of social animals. Male and female fiddler crabs communicate with claw-waving displays, but the function of these waves remains uncertain. Species differ in the context in which they wave: Some wave during courtship, some during territorial defence and some during both. In this paper, we provide evidence that males of an Australian species of fiddler crab, Uca perplexa, use two different types of claw waving display, lateral and vertical. Lateral waves are employed solely in a courtship context, whilst vertical waves are employed during courtship as well as territorial interactions. Using video recordings, we show that lateral waves were produced spontaneously (broadcast), and their frequency increased only in the presence of female wanderers. Vertical waves were not broadcast but were elicited by male wanderers during agonistic interactions and female wanderers during close range courtship. Male resident U. perplexa were able to discriminate the sex of wandering crabs on the mudflat at distances of 32 cm. During all resident–wanderer interactions, residents attempted to maintain a position directly between the wanderer and the home burrow and orient themselves to face females and to present the major claw towards males. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the multiple use of waving displays in a fiddler crab species.     

新型污泥脱水絮凝剂的研制

以累托石和虾蟹壳为主要原料,制备出一种新型污泥脱水絮凝剂。研究了该絮凝剂的制备工艺条件,探讨了该絮凝剂的絮凝机理。该絮凝剂的最佳配方为：天然有机高分子材料与改性累托石质量比1：6,将其配制成质量分数为1％的絮凝剂工作液,处理污泥的最佳加入量为1mL／L,最佳沉降时间为20min。与传统絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺相比,污泥脱水率提高了5．47％,污泥沉降时间缩短了33．33％,吨污泥单耗絮凝剂成本下降了4％,且处理过程中的二次污染大幅度减小。