新型污泥脱水絮凝剂的研制

以累托石和虾蟹壳为主要原料,制备出一种新型污泥脱水絮凝剂。研究了该絮凝剂的制备工艺条件,探讨了该絮凝剂的絮凝机理。该絮凝剂的最佳配方为：天然有机高分子材料与改性累托石质量比1：6,将其配制成质量分数为1％的絮凝剂工作液,处理污泥的最佳加入量为1mL／L,最佳沉降时间为20min。与传统絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺相比,污泥脱水率提高了5．47％,污泥沉降时间缩短了33．33％,吨污泥单耗絮凝剂成本下降了4％,且处理过程中的二次污染大幅度减小。     

Using a fisheries ecosystem model with a water quality model to explore trophic and habitat impacts on a fisheries stock: A case study of the blue crab population in the Chesapeake Bay

Recent calls for the development of ecosystem-based fisheries management compel the development of resource management tools and linkages between existing fisheries management tools and other resource tools to enable assessment and management of multiple impacts on fisheries resources. In this paper, we describe the use of the Chesapeake Bay Fisheries Ecosystem Model (CBFEM), developed using the Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) software, and the Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Model (WQM) to demonstrate how linkages between available modeling tools can be used to inform ecosystem-based natural resource management. The CBFEM was developed to provide strategic ecosystem information in support of fisheries management. The WQM was developed to assess impacts on water quality. The CBFEM was indirectly coupled with the WQM to assess the effects of water quality and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) on blue crabs. The output from two WQM scenarios (1985-1994), a baseline scenario representing actual nutrient inputs and another with reduced inputs based on a tributary management strategy, was incorporated into the CBFEM. The results suggested that blue crab biomass could be enhanced under management strategies (reduced nutrient input) when the effective search rate of blue crab young-of-the-year's (YOY's) predators or the vulnerability of blue crab YOY to its predators was adjusted by SAV. Such model linkages are important for incorporating physical and biological components of ecosystems in order to explore ecosystem-based fisheries management options.     

太湖流域池塘河蟹养殖向太湖排放氮磷的研究

据2001年调查,太湖流域池塘河蟹养殖面积为11377.86hm2,河蟹产量为6681.18t。按物料平衡计算,1hm2养蟹池塘向环境排放的TN为27.08kg,TP为7.85kg,太湖流域池塘养蟹向环境中年排放TN为308.12t,TP为89.32t。按池塘进排水实测值计算,太湖流域按池塘养蟹外排水中TN、TP浓度增量分别为0.34、0.05mg·L-1,太湖流域池塘养蟹年外排TN和TP的增量分别为154.74t和22.75t。排放的TN、TP通过太湖水网流入太湖。     

A conspicuous courtship signal in the fiddler crab Uca perplexa: female choice based on display structure

The fiddler crab Uca perplexa has a conspicuous male courtship signal that is directed at females to attract them to the male’s burrow for mating. The signal involves waving the unflexed large claw up and down. To determine whether the spatiotemporal structure of the wave is under selection by female choice, we examined whether females had a preference for any particular features of the wave. Females respond to a waving display by either visiting the male’s burrow entrance or by electing to pass without visiting the burrow. We filmed mate-searching females and the waving males that they visited or passed. We documented the wave structure of these males using frame-by-frame analysis. Males produce a two-part wave with component A preceding component B. Both components have an upstroke, a pause at the apex and a downstroke. The tip of the claw was raised much higher in B than in A. Visited males had a shorter delay between the two wave components than did males that the females passed without visiting. Visited males also produced component B waves that had a slower upstroke than those of passed males. There was a significant correlation between the relative height of the raised claw and the duration of the upstroke of component B. Females were selecting males that raised their major claw to the highest position (two to three times as high as the carapace width). Passed males brought down their major claw earlier and from a lower position than did visited males. The data suggests that wave structure has evolved through female choice. Male display rate and body size were not female choice cues. An earlier study showed that display duration was also not used by females in selecting mates.     

生物组合技术在河蟹人工育苗水质净化中的应用研究

为探索河蟹人工育苗中的水质净化和减少换水量的方法，通过基础试验和河蟹人工育苗生产性试验，对一种生物组合技术进行了研究考察，结果表明，依据生态养殖原理设计，在养殖池内投放和接触氧化水循环处理装置内接种挂膜光合细菌、消化细菌和放线菌等环境有益微生物，并与微藻、光合细菌等活饵料应用技术相结合的成套技术可使育苗池水循环利用，降低生产成本，减少对周边水环境的污染。试验苗池DO高于7.5mg/L，NH3－N基本低于0.5mg/L，水质明显优于对照苗池，符合河蟹育苗要求。试验苗池触苗总成活率19.4%，产量175.8g/m^3，触菌成活率、产量和质量均明显优于对照苗池，藕效益和环境效益显著。     

Individual- and Assemblage-Level Effects of Anthropogenic Sedimentation on Snails in Lake Tanganyika

Abstract:  Human impacts on aquatic biodiversity are often measured at the assemblage or community level, although it has been suggested that individual-level measures are more sensitive. We evaluated the effects of anthropogenic sedimentation on endemic snails in Lake Tanganyika, East Africa, by comparing assemblage-level (i.e., species richness, evenness, and abundance) and individual-level (i.e., frequencies of predation and parasitism, fecal organic content, life history) data between sediment-disturbed and reference sites. Previous studies have indicated that sedimentation kills snails and reduces mollusc diversity in this system, but we found little evidence of changes in species richness, evenness, or snail abundance at the levels of sedimentation recorded. In contrast, individual-level data revealed a variety of differences associated with sedimentation. Frequencies of shell scarring by predatory crabs and castration by parasitic trematodes were significantly lower at disturbed sites, indicating shifts in interspecific interactions. Snails ingested large amounts of inorganic sediments at disturbed sites, suggesting a reduction in food quality. In addition, sedimentation was associated with a large downward shift in size distribution within some species and reproduction at smaller size. These strong patterns in individual-level data contrast with the lack of effects at the assemblage level. We argue that incorporating individual-level measures will often enhance the sensitivity of impact surveys and may reveal effects of disturbance on important interspecific interactions.     

螃蟹对闽江河口湿地土壤碳氮磷含量及其生态化学计量学特征影响

为阐明螃蟹活动对湿地土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量学特征的影响,对闽江河口湿地不同潮滩螃蟹干扰下的土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量学特征进行了测定和分析.结果表明:高潮滩有螃蟹(GP)和高潮滩无螃蟹(GD)组土壤碳、氮、磷含量的平均值分别为(13.32±0.66)、(1.51±0.05)、(0.70±0.05)g·kg~(-1)和(13.25±0.53)、(1.52±0.04)、(0.75±0.04)g·kg~(-1),螃蟹组与对照组之间的碳、氮、磷含量差异不显著(p0.05);中潮滩有螃蟹(ZP)和中潮滩无螃蟹(ZD)组土壤碳、氮、磷含量的平均值分别为(13.85±0.61)、(1.64±0.08)、(0.77±0.07)g·kg~(-1)和(13.10±0.43)、(1.52±0.08)、(0.79±0.04)g·kg~(-1),螃蟹组土壤碳、氮含量显著高于对照组(p0.05),但磷含量差异不显著(p0.05).GP和GD组土壤C/N、C/P、N/P的平均值分别为(8.80±0.26)、(19.38±1.34)、(2.17±0.16)和(8.70±0.28)、(17.78±0.42)、(2.04±0.13),螃蟹组养分比与对照组差异不显著(p0.05);ZP和ZD组土壤C/N、C/P、N/P的平均值分别为(8.57±0.27)、(18.41±0.68)、(2.11±0.18)和(8.52±0.35)、(16.72±0.32)、(2.01±0.19),螃蟹组养分比与对照组差异不显著(p0.05).总体来看,土壤碳、氮、磷及其生态化学计量学特征的变化是环境因子综合作用的结果,其生态化学计量学特征对土壤碳、氮、磷固持及限制性养分具有一定的指示作用.     

Predicting the Range of Chinese Mitten Crabs in Europe

Abstract:  Ecological niche modeling provides a means for predicting the potential future distribution of a nonindigenous species based on environmental characteristics of the species' native range. We applied this method to the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) , a catadromous crustacean with a long history of invasion in Europe. We used genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction to predict the potential European distribution of mitten crab based on its distribution in 42 locations in its native Asia. The climatic variables, air temperature, number of days, amount of precipitation, and wetness index, contributed significantly to predictions of native distribution limits. Although the genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction model was developed for the native range, the species' extensive distribution in Europe ( n = 434) allowed independent validation of the predictions. Application of the model to Europe was successful, with 84% of occurrences in regions predicted to be suitable by >80% of the models and <4% of occurrences in areas predicted suitable by <50% of the models (mainly along the northern range). At the watershed scale, areas with established mitten crab populations had significantly higher habitat matching than sites that were not invaded. The independent validation of the Asian-based model by the European distribution revealed that predictions were highly accurate. The model also identified large areas of Europe, particularly along the Mediterranean coast, as vulnerable to future invasion. These predictions can be used to develop strategies to control the spread of mitten crab by preventing introductions into vulnerable areas.     

Experimental test of the effects of a non-native invasive species on a wintering shorebird

The abundance of nearly one-quarter of the world's shorebird species is declining. At the same time, the number of non-native species in coastal ecosystems is increasing rapidly. In some cases, non-native species may affect negatively the abundance and diversity of shorebird prey species. We conducted an experimental study of the effects of the introduced European green crab (Carcinus maenas) on prey consumption by wintering Dunlin (Calidris alpina) in a central California estuary. We placed green crabs and Dunlin sequentially in field enclosures and measured changes in density of benthic invertebrate prey (e.g. polychaetes and small clams), Dunlin biomass, and gut contents of both Dunlin and crabs and observed foraging behavior of Dunlin. Green crabs significantly affected Dunlin foraging success through both direct and indirect multitrophic linkages. In enclosures with high densities of green crabs, crab foraging reduced the availability of polychaetes, and Dunlin consumed significantly fewer polychaetes compared with Dunlin in enclosures without crabs. High densities of green crabs were also associated with increased availability of small clams. Dunlin consumed significantly more small clams compared with Dunlin in enclosures without crabs. In our literature survey of studies of effects of non-native invasive species on shorebirds, we found three prior experiments that addressed the effect of non-native invasive species on shorebirds. Results of two of these studies showed positive direct effects of non-native invertebrates on shorebirds, 1 showed negative direct effects of a non-native plant on shorebirds through habitat conversion, and none showed indirect effects of non-native invertebrates. We suggest future management of shorebirds explicitly examine how non-native marine species, particularly invertebrates, directly and indirectly affect shorebirds.     

平潭中国鲎保护区规划建议

平潭中国鲎自然保护区(省级)于1998年列入《福建省自然保护区发展规划(1998—2010)》。过去四年间，平潭的滩涂环境、鲎资源分布及社会经济结构都起了较大变化。因此，有必要结合现有条件，重新考虑保护区选址、形式、规模等一系列问题．调查结果显示，在现有平潭中国鲎自然保护区预留区内，跨海澳、甲狮澳至钱便澳海区和坛南湾观音澳以南海区仍具备适宜中国鲎保护的自然、资源及社会环境．建议在相关区域设立两个核心区，分别为被保护对象提供产卵、发育场地和越冬、摄食场所，并在两区之间留出季节性保护的洄游通道．本文还就保护区的形式和任务提出叁考意见．